A small fraction of the CD8 T cell effector population that responds to an infection progresses through the contraction phase to the memory stage. The factors regulating the extent of contraction are poorly understood. Competition for limited resources has been widely postulated to be the cause of cell death during the contraction phase, but our data show that competition does not affect contra...

Although it is known that interleukin-7 (IL-7) and IL-15 influence the survival and turnover of CD8+ T cells, less is known about how these cytokines affect different subsets during the course of the immune response. We find that IL-7 and IL-15 differentially regulate CD8+ T-cell subsets defined by KLRG1 and CD127 expression during the contraction phase of the immune response. The provision of ...

Although it is known that interleukin-7 (IL-7) and IL-15 influence the survival and turnover of CD8 T cells, less is known about how these cytokines affect different subsets during the course of the immune response. We find that IL-7 and IL-15 differentially regulate CD8 T-cell subsets defined by KLRG1 and CD127 expression during the contraction phase of the immune response. The provision of IL...

Actin retrograde flow and actomyosin II contraction have both been implicated in the inward movement of T cell receptor (TCR) microclusters and immunological synapse formation, but no study has integrated and quantified their relative contributions. Using Jurkat T cells expressing fluorescent myosin IIA heavy chain and F-tractin-a novel reporter for F-actin-we now provide direct evidence that t...

It was shown in [2] that if T is a contraction in a Hilbert space with finite defect (‖T‖ ≤ 1, rank(I−T ∗T ) <∞), and its spectrum σ(T ) doesn’t coincide with the closed unit disk D, then the following Linear Resolvent Growth condition ‖(λI − T )−1‖ ≤ C dist(λ, σ(T )) , λ ∈ C\σ(T ), implies that T is similar to a normal operator. The condition rank(I − T ∗T ) < ∞ characterizes how close is T to...

Primary cultures from enzymatically dissociated satellite cells of newborn rat skeletal muscles enabled developmental in vitro studies of mechanical and electrical properties during the first steps of myogenesis. The present work focused on the appearance, evolution and roles of two types of calcium currents (ICa,T and ICa,L) and of depolarization-induced contractile activity during the early s...

To perceive, the brain must interpret stimulus-evoked neural activity. This is challenging: The stochastic nature of the neural response renders its interpretation inherently uncertain. Perception would be optimized if the brain used Bayesian inference to interpret inputs in light of expectations derived from experience. Bayesian inference would improve perception on average but cause illusions...

Rotational time dilation and angular contraction are discussed in comparison with the time deletion and length contraction of special relativity. The related issues of clock paradox and simultaneity are explored in rotational scenario. The non Euclidian nature of a relativistic rotation is analyzed in both θ t and θ r subspace. It has been shown that the constancy of the speed of light is intri...

where 0 < k < 1. The Banach Contraction Mapping Principle appeared in explicit form in Banach’s thesis in 1922 1 . For its simplicity and usefulness, it has become a very popular tool in solving existence problems in many branches of mathematical analysis. Banach contraction principle has been extended in many different directions; see 2–6 . In 1997Alber andGuerreDelabriere 7 introduced the con...