Take-all disease of Poaceae is caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis (Magnaporthaceae). Four varieties are recognised in G. graminis based on ascospore size, hyphopodial morphology and host preference. The aim of the present study was to clarify boundaries among species and varieties in Gaeumannomyces by combining morphology and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses based on partial gene sequences of I...

Invaginations in the membranes of embryonic cells appear to orient cell division in sea squirts.

South Ockendon subnormality hospital in Essex has had its unfair share of bad publicity recently. An allegation of cruelty by a nurse and the manslaughter of one patient by another led to news reports?some of which have been angled to hurt the staff?and, predictably, morale within the hospital has suffered badly. The outburst of righteous indignation which followed the Ely Hospital Report made ...

Agents that learn about other agents and can exploit this information possess a distinct advantage in competitive situations. Games provide stylized adversarial environments to study agent learning strategies. Researchers have developed game playing programs that learn to play better from experience. We have developed a learning program that does not learn to play better, but learns to identify...

To construct the intricate network of connections that supports the functions of an adult nervous system, neurons must form highly elaborate processes, extending in the appropriate direction across long distances to form synapses with their partners. As the nervous system takes shape, the process of neuronal morphogenesis is controlled by a broad repertoire of cellular signals. These extracellu...

4 SUMMER/FALL 1999 T’S A RACE with no starting point, no fixed course, and really no rules at all: walk, run, ride, do anything you want. Form a team, as big as you like. Build any sort of machine you wish with whatever money you can get your hands on. Just get to the finish line first. That finish line isn’t a particular place but a new understanding of a symmetry (or rather, an almost symmetr...

Evolutionary algorithms are not straightforward to implement and the lack of any specialised language forces users to reinvent the wheel every time they want to write a new program Over the last years evolutionary libraries have appeared trying to reduce the amount of work involved in writing such algorithms from scratch by o ering standard engines strategies and tools Unfortunately most of the...

Background: Although a number of studies have assessed the management of mania in routine clinical practice, no studies have so far evaluated the shortand long-term management and outcome of patients affected by bipolar mania in different European countries. The objective of the study is to present, in the context of a large multicenter survey (EMBLEM study), an overview of the baseline data on...

Bell’s inequality was tested using the CHSH method. Entangled photons were produced from two different laser beams by passing light from Type I BBO crystals and detected using avalanche photodiodes. Values for S as high as 2.30 were obtained. Background One of the major differences between quantum mechanics and previous physical theories is its probabilistic nature. If the state of a classical ...