The Single European Market Programme was formally instigated with the Single European Act in 1987. It included around 300 measures designed to eliminate non-tariff barriers to trade (e.g. border controls, national standards, public procurement biases and national restrictions on entry). The essence of our approach is that barriers to trade/competition influence the organisation of the market (i...

An integrated transport system is the way how to provide transport service in the region by integrating all modes of transport. The design of this system is connected with solving of several optimization problems such as coordination of connections in transport modes, optimization of connection supply, minimization of time losses related to the changing of travel connection and the design of th...

This paper assesses the determinants of trade in services using a gravity model, with particular attention given to the role of barriers to services trade. Initially, the application of the gravity equation to services trade is examined. A variety of econometric estimators are tested and the Hausman-Taylor model is found to be the best estimator. The gravity model fits services trade flows in a...

In communication, information, and other industries, three-part tariffs are becoming increasingly popular. A three-part tariff is defined by an access price, a usage allowance, and a marginal price for any usage in excess of the allowance. The nonlinear-pricing literature has focused primarily on two-part tariffs. We show that consumer behavior differs under three-part tariffs, in particular re...

In the context of the Doha Development Round, the vast majority of computable general equilibrium studies examine agricultural trade led gains to developing countries, whilst European Union based studies are scarce and only one assessment exists in the case of Spain. This study also focuses on Spain, whilst developing the literature in two ways. Firstly, a more realistic representation of the a...

The paper analyses the trade barriers that thwart diversification efforts of developing countries into exports value-added agricultural processed products. It examines extent to which non-tariff measures act as market access constrain products from countries. analysis shows prevalence (including domestic measures) limit ability increase their exports. This has important policy implications in t...

Abstract The role of international trade was irreplaceable at the start COVID-19 pandemic crisis, especially in medical supplies and food for all affected countries. Trade as a part this certainly should not be an element further countries` closing new barriers implementation. On contrary, it could way to exceed these problems, if participants point out same aims normal trading during crisis im...

Tariff bindings and administered protection are two characteristics of the WTO that are little understood. Tariff bindings place a ceiling on tariffs that is not always reached, while administered protection ensures that all sectors have access to some minimum import protection, effectively creating a floor for protection. How do these policies affect applied MFN tariff rates that are enacted t...

This paper estimates policy-induced trade costs in five services sectors for 46 countries using structural gravity. Despite having tripled the last two decades, results show that remain high. The highlight potential liberalisation and can support policy modelling. • We estimate exploit new panel data from OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index. Data include variation over time, across tradin...