Introduction The first step in any fusion event involving biological membranes or liposomes is the close contact between the two lipid bilayers. Hefore the local collapse which gives rise to a single membrane from two membranes, the two phospholipid interfaces have to approach each other. Different interacting forces are involved. Van der Waals forces are attractive and can extend to distance o...

chestnut-leaved oak (quercus castaneifolia c. a. mey) is one of the most important native oaks of iran distributed in the hyrcanian forests. the pure and mixed stands of it cover about 6.5% of these forests. the species represents morphological variations which have resulted in the description of several infraspecific taxa by different authors. eight taxa were recognized as subspecies and varie...

Eels undulate a larger portion of their bodies while swimming than many other fishes, but the hydrodynamic consequences of this swimming mode are poorly understood. In this study, we examine in detail the hydrodynamics of American eels (Anguilla rostrata) swimming steadily at 1.4 L s(-1) and compare them with previous results from other fishes. We performed high-resolution particle image veloci...

The generation of Free Electron Laser (FEL) radiation relies on the extraction of electromagnetic energy from kinetic energy of a relativistic electron beam by propagating it along the axis of a periodic lattice of alternating magnetic dipolar fields, known as undulator. This forces the beam to undulate transversally, thus causing the electrons to emit electromagnetic radiation. The fundamental...

Cell movements in Fundulus blastoderms during gastrulation were studied utilizing time-lapse cinemicrography and electron microscopy. Time-lapse films reveal that cells of the enveloping layer undulate and sometimes separate briefly but remain together in a cohesive layer. During epiboly, the marginal enveloping layer cells move over the periblast as it expands over the yolk sphere. Movement oc...

The first signs of cell motility appear in Fundulus toward the end of cleavage, after cleavages 11 and 12. When blastomers cease cleaving, their surfaces undulate and form blebs. At first, these blebbing cell remain in place. Gradually thereafter they begin movement, with blebs and filolamellipodia serving as organs of locomotion. Non-motile cleaving blastomeres have thus differentiated into mo...

The early development of the mesoblast in the intermediate and lateral regions of the chick embryo was examined with the scanning and transmission electron microscope. It was found that primary mesenchyme here becomes condenses into epithelial structures that emerge in a metameric pattern. Viewed in developmental sequence, the intermediate mesoblast condenses into a narrowing cord of axially or...

Recently we discovered two novel, deeply branching lineages in the domain Bacteria from termite guts by PCR-based analyses of 16S rRNA (Y. Hongoh, P. Deevong, T. Inoue, S. Moriya, S. Trakulnaleamsai, M. Ohkuma, C. Vongkaluang, N. Noparatnaraporn, and T. Kudo, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:6590-6599, 2005). Here, we report on the specific detection of these bacteria, the candidate phylum TG3 (Ter...

Filippo G. Aloi, C.F. Tomasini, Department of Dermatology, University of Turin, Via Cherasco 23, I-10126 Turin (Italy) Sir, We have read with great interest the letter by Requena et al. about our paper ‘Hair Shafts in Epidermoid Cysts’ [1] and agree with them that there are many difficulties in making a histologic differential diagnosis between milia and comedones. In all our cases, the histori...