In Part 3 of this five-part article,[1, 2] simple graphic properties of entropy are illustrated, offering a novel way to understand the principle of entropy increase. The Boltzmann entropy is introduced and shows that in thermal equilibrium, entropy can be related to the spreading of a system’s occupied microstate over accessible microstates. Finally, constant-temperature reservoirs are shown t...

Several aspects of the Thermodynamics of systems away from equilibrium are considered. Particular attention is given to the question of the concepts of entropy and temperature in arbitrary nonequilibrium conditions. Even though such state function and thermodynamic variable are elusive in such conditions, it is elaborated and discussed an approach to them that can be obtained in the framework o...

We consider slightly non-extremal black 3-branes of type IIB supergravity and show that their Bekenstein-Hawking entropy agrees with the counting of states of the Dirichlet 3-brane. The Dirichlet brane excitations are described in terms of the statistical mechanics of a 3+1 dimensional gas of massless open string states. This is essentially the classic problem of black body radiation. The black...

In physics,heat energy divided by temperature ,entropyis obtained, which means the conversion degree from heat to work. While in science and technology field, entropy generally refers to possible degree of certain matter system status. In social science area, entropy indicates the degree of certain society state, in the field of information theory, entropy expresses uncertain degree. In a word,...

Submitted to ApJ Letters, 1996 June 15 ASCA and ROSAT X-ray data are used to obtain a two-dimensional map of the gas temperature in the Triangulum Australis cluster of galaxies. We find that this hot (Te = 10.3 ± 0.8 keV) system displays a temperature peak (> 12 keV) at the cluster core and an asymmetric temperature decline with radius. The temperature rise toward the center approximately corre...

Low-temperature thermodynamic properties of strongly interacting Fermi liquids with a fermion condensate are investigated. We demonstrate that the spin susceptibility of these systems exhibits the Curie-Weiss law, and the entropy contains a temperature-independent term. The excessive entropy is released at the superconducting transition, enhancing the specific heat jump deltaC and rendering it ...

A thermodynamic model of a plasma boundary layer, characterized by enhanced temperature contrasts and “maximum entropy production,” is proposed. The system shows bifurcation if the heat flux entering through the inner boundary exceeds a critical value. The state with a larger temperature contrast !larger entropy production" sustains a self-organized flow. An inverse cascade of energy is propose...

The optimal cooling schedule for simulated annealing is formulated to derive a differential equation for the time-dependent temperature T(t). Based on this equation, the long-term behavior of T(t), entropy production, and the Kullback-Leibler entropy are studied. For some simple examples, such as a many-level system and the small scale traveling salesman problem, the explicit time dependence of...

We discuss finite temperature effects in superfluid Helium, providing a direct demonstration that a model based on treating the excitations in the system as a massless “entropy” fluid is equivalent to the traditional two-fluid approach. In particular, we demonstrate how the entropy entrainment is related to the “normal fluid density”. We also show how the superfluid constraint of irrotationalit...