Batch time (energy) requirements are provided for the separation of ternary zeotropic and heteroazeotropic mixtures in three closed batch column configurations. Two multivessel column modifications (with and without vapor bypass) and a conventional batch column operated under the cyclic policy, were studied. The multivessel column performs always better than the conventional column and the time...

Biodiesel from most agricultural feedstocks has flow properties that are prone to startup and operability problems during cold weather. Biodiesel from soybean oil is generally a mixture of long-chain fatty acid alkyl esters composed of 0.15–0.20 mass fraction saturated esters (melting point [MP] 0 C) mixed with unsaturated esters (MP \ 0 C). This work investigates the crystallization properties...

As discussed chapter 1, cholesterol–rich domains in biomembranes, called rafts, are believed to be involved in many cellular functions [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Biochemical studies on the insoluble membrane fraction obtained from detergent extraction of plasma membranes show that it mainly consists of saturated lipids, such as sphingomyelin and cholesterol. The detergent insoluble fraction, known as det...

clarithromycin (cla), a broad-spectrum macrolide, is a poorly soluble drug with dissolution rate limited absorption. the aim of this investigation was to prepare cla nanoparticles from a ternary ground mixture in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate (sls) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (pvp) as co-grinding water-soluble compounds, in order to improve the drug dissolution rate. different weight rati...

A comprehensive model has been developed for calculating the surface tension of aqueous, nonaqueous, and mixedsolvent electrolyte systems ranging from dilute solutions to fused salts. Themodel consists of a correlation for computing the surface tension of solvent mixtures and an expression for the effect of electrolyte concentration. The dependence of surface tension on electrolyte concentratio...

abstract: â in this study, the change in the crystalline structure of gas hydrate was predicted for ternary mixture of methane-ethane-water. for this purpose, the tangent plane distance (tpd) minimization method was used. first, the calculations were performed for the binary mixtures of methane-water and ethane-water as the gas and liquid phases. the results show that for a binary mixture of th...

in this paper we introduce the concept of weakly prime ternary subsemimodules of a ternary semimodule over a ternary semiring and obtain some characterizations of weakly prime ternary subsemimodules. we prove that if $n$ is a weakly prime subtractive ternary subsemimodule of a ternary $r$-semimodule $m$, then either $n$ is a prime ternary subsemimodule or $(n : m)(n : m)n = 0$. if $n$ is a $q$-...

Open-tubular capillary chromatography using a ternary solvent mixture consisting of a water-hydrophilic-hydrophobic organic solvent as a carrier solution has been developed. When the ternary carrier solution is fed into the capillary tube, the carrier solvents are radially distributed and generate inner and outer phases in the tube. The outer phase functions as a pseudo-stationary phase in ch...

Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) are the most widely used engineered nanomaterials. The individual toxicities of metal-based NPs have been plentifully studied. However, the mixture toxicity of multiple NP systems (n ≥ 3) remains much less understood. Herein, the toxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs), silicon dioxide (SiO₂) NPs and zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) NPs to unicellular fre...

a new method was developed for the spectral resolution by further determination of three- and  four-component  mixtures  of  drugs in urine samples through  the complementary application of multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares with correlation  constraint. in the current study, a simple method was proposed to construct a calibration set for the mixture of drugs in the presenc...