Viral infections induce the differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into two distinct lineages, Th1 cells and T follicular helper (TFH) cells. Two recent studies demonstrated that the microRNA cluster miR-17-92 selectively promotes CD4 TFH responses. However, we show in this study that miR-17-92 expression is required for the clonal expansion of both virus-specific Th1 and TFH cells. Upon viral in...

In Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes, activation begins with identical stimuli but results in the production of different cytokines. The expression of some cytokine genes is differentially induced according to the amplitude and pattern of Ca signaling. Using fura2 Ca imaging of murine Th1 and Th2 clones, we observed that the Ca rise elicited following store depletion with thapsigargin is significantly lo...

BACKGROUND Th1/Th2 imbalance is hypothesized to up-regulate some diseases and down-regulate others. Compared to controls, multiple sclerosis (MS) (Th1-mediated) has been linked to a reduced risk of allergy and asthma (Th2-mediated), based on patient questionnaire studies and a review of asthma medication. AIM To investigate whether MS is associated with a reduced risk of Th2-associated diseas...

IL-12 initiates Th1 cell development and cell-mediated immunity, but whether IL-12 contributes to the maintenance of a Th1 response is unclear. To address this question, we infected IL-12 p40-/- C57BL/6 mice with Leishmania major, an intracellular protozoan parasite controlled by a cell-mediated immune response, and simultaneously administered IL-12. Whereas untreated p40-/- mice developed an u...

Infection with the third-stage larvae (L3) of the filarial nematode Brugia results in a Th2-biased immune response in mice and humans. Previously we have shown that the production of interleukin 4 (IL-4) is critical for down-regulating polyclonal Th1 responses in L3-infected mice. However, the in vitro neutralization of IL-4 did not fully recover the defective polyclonal Th1 responses, nor did ...

BACKGROUND Strong T cell and antibody responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), low virus production, and some genetic traits have been individually associated with nonprogression of HIV infection, but the best correlate with protection against disease progression remains unknown. METHODS We prospectively followed 66 untreated long-term nonprogressors and analyzed relationships between...

Diphencyprone (DPCP) is a hapten that induces delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions and used therapeutically for various conditions including alopecia areata melanoma metastases. Prior work has shown gene expression markers of major T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17) are significantly increased at 3 days after single application DPCP in healthy volunteers. We evaluated the cutaneous proteo...

Abstract Recent studies suggest that progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with a decreased frequency the hepatic CD4 +T cells, as well predominance inflammatory immunological pattern. To determine whether inhibition chronic inflammation could prevent NAFLD HCC, we used novel LRP-1 agonistic peptide, SP16, during progressive in a...

is the production of IL-12 by macrophages and dendritic cells responding to antigens or direct infection immune response; transplantation [3]. Polarized Th1 cells produce IL-2, IFN-c, and lymphotoxin. These cytokines promote the development of cytotoxic T cells, which support delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) and facilitate anti-body-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) serving Twe...

Rice is a major food crop to approximately half of the human population. Unfortunately, starchy endosperm, which remaining portion seed after polishing, contains limited amounts micronutrients. Here, it shown that this particularly case for thiamin (vitamin B1). Therefore, tissue-specific metabolic engineering approach was conducted, aimed at enhancing level specifically in endosperm. To achiev...