Th1 lymphocytes produce cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, TNF-β and GM-CSF. IFN-γ is the most important Th1 cell cytokine that induces the production of IgG, activation of macrophages, enhancing phagocytosis, and also increasing MHC class I and class II molecules. Increasing serum level of Th1 cytokines have also been observed in MS patients. It has also been prov...

In animal models of arthritis induced with Ags or infectious agents, disease severity correlates with a dominant Th1-type response characterized by a higher ratio of IFN-gamma to IL-4. Analysis of BALB/c mice revealed a genetic predisposition toward developing CD4+ Th2-type responses. The bias toward an IL-4-dominant response in BALB/c mice protects mice from severe Lyme-induced arthritis and s...

Committed T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 effector cells, resulting from chronic antigenic stimulation in interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-4, are implicated in the pathology of autoimmune and allergic diseases. Committed Th1 cells cannot be induced to change their cytokine profiles in response to antigenic stimulation and Th2 cytokine-inducing conditions. Here, we report that ectopic expression of GATA...

BACKGROUND MF59, which is an adjuvant belonging to C₃₀ member of the terpene family, is a T helper type-2 (Th2)-biased immune enhancer. Our previous studies showed that pyriproxyfen, a member of the terpene family with fewer carbon atoms (C₂₀) than MF59, enhanced active T helper type-1 (Th1)-biased immune responses. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to investigate the enhancement of antigen-...

Current thinking attributes the balance between T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokine response patterns in immune responses to the nature of the antigen, the genetic composition of the host, and the cytokines involved in the early interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Here we introduce glutathione, a tripeptide that regulates intracellular redox and other aspects of cell physiol...

Recently, innate immune lymphocytes, such as natural killer (NK) T cells and gamma/delta antigen receptor-bearing T (gamma delta T) cells, have garnered much attention, and their biological significance in the tumor immunity, allergic diseases and infectious diseases is extensively exploited. We have addressed the role of these cells in the host defense using a mouse model of pulmonary infectio...

The protein kinase encoded by the Tpl2 proto-oncogene regulates ERK activation and cytokine gene expression in macrophages in response to LPS and TNF-alpha. In this study we show that OVA-immunized Tpl2(-/-) mice express high levels of IgE and develop more severe bronchoalveolar eosinophilic inflammation than Tpl2(+/+) controls, when challenged with OVA intranasally. Bronchoalveolar exudates an...

The long noncoding (lnc) RNA-Ifng-AS1 plays an essential role in the transcription of the gene encoding IFN-γ by Th1 cells, and its human ortholog, IFNG-AS1, is expressed in human Th1 cells. However, IFNG-AS1 contributing to Th1 cells' response in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients has not been reported. Twenty-eight HT patients and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The proport...

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)/IL-15 receptor beta (IL-15R beta)(-/-) mice were susceptible to infection with avirulent Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis, whereas IL-2(-/-) mice were resistant. A natural killer cell response was not evident for both types of deficient mice. A Th1 response was detected in IL-2(-/-) but not in IL-2/IL-15R beta(-/-) mice infected with Salmonella, sugg...

Background Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the development of the adaptive immune response. Unbalance DC response can cause Th1, Th17 or Th2-mediated diseases. By in vitro manipulation, Th2 and Th17 cell lines can be reprogrammed into Th1. This highlights the notion of the plasticity of different populations of CD4 T helper cells. So far, the conversion of Th17 memory cells into Th...