Sensor measurement uncertainty has never been fully considered in prior appraisals of global average surface air temperature. The estimated average ±0.2 C station error has been incorrectly assessed as random, and the systematic error from uncontrolled variables has been invariably neglected. The systematic errors in measurements from three ideally sited and maintained temperature sensors are c...

Stable isotopes are a primary tool for inferring past temperature changes and atmospheric moisture variability from ice cores. A 33m ice core representing the period 1850–2004 was retrieved from the Tanggula Mountains, central Tibetan Plateau (5743ma.s.l.), in August 2005. Annual average stable isotope (dO, dD) values generally increase during the period, while the second-order parameter of deu...

Gradual increase of the Earth's surface temperature can cause many significant changes on the climate of our planet. This problem is progressively increasing. One of the main reasons for this phenomenon is the absorption of the Sun's energy and lack of proper reflection of emissions due to man-made activities, one of which is the increase in black surfaces. In this descriptive and cross-sectio...

We investigate the effect of climate change on population growth in 18th and 19th century Iceland. We find that a year 1◦C cooler than average drives down population growth rates by 0.57% in each of the next two years, for a total effect of 1.14%. We also find that 18th and 19th century Icelanders adapt to prolonged changes in climate: these adaptations take about 20 years and reduce the short ...

BACKGROUND The causes of the recent rise of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) incidence in Europe are discussed. Our objective was to estimate the impact of air temperature change on TBE incidence in the European part of the Russian Arctic. METHODS We analysed the TBE incidence in the Komi Republic (RK) over a 42-year period in relation to changes in local annual average air temperature, air temp...

The aim of this study was to investigate the climate change impacts on some factors affecting rainfed wheat growth such as effective rainfall, planting date and length of growing season in four stations located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Firstly, it is necessary to predict future (2046-2065) climatic conditions. For this purpose, the output of HADCM3 general circulation model was us...