Model specification is a ubiquitous challenge in the social sciences. While this issue of Conflict Management and Peace Science is dedicated to addressing this topic in the context of research on international conflict, the discussion among the contributors also contains general lessons and debates relevant to statistical analyses of political, economic, and social phenomena. The reader might s...

We characterize the forbidden projections of unate Boolean functions. Forbidden projections are analogous to forbidden graph minors. Unate functions have been studied in switching theory and in computational learning theory.

almond is one of the most important prunus species. most almond cultivars and genotypes are self-incompatible and some others are cross-incompatible. however, recently self-incompatible cultivars developed by breeding are available. therefore self-incompatible cultivars for pollination, fertilization and production require compatible pollen of other cultivars. in this regard the study of pollen...

to conserve the genetic resources and identify the strong and weak points in sistan watermelon accessions and compare these with improved cultivars of: sugarbaby and fairfax, an experiment was carried out, based on rectangular lattic design of two replications in 2007. the morphological traits studied, included plant length, plant weight, seed weight, fruit number, fruit length, fruit width, su...

the islamic economic system, in order to implement justice and prevent the emergence of wide gaps among social classes, prohibits wealth accumulation (iktinaz), and the holy qur'an explicitly promises punishment for it. many fughaha and commentators of the holy qur'an maintain that the forbidden iktinaz only is established by accumulating wealth and avoidance of paying its zakat. howe...