We study certificates in static data structures. In the cell-probe model, certificates are the cell probes which can uniquely identify the answer to the query. As a natural notion of nondeterministic cell probes, lower bounds for certificates in data structures immediately imply deterministic cell-probe lower bounds. In spite of this extra power brought by nondeterminism, we prove that two wide...

This report examines the procedures followed in the 1978 revision of the U.S. Standard certificates of Live Birth, Death, Fetal Death, Marriage, and Divorce or Annulment. It outlines the history and basic principles of the standard certificates and the major objectives of this revision; describes the principal additions, modifications, and deletions of items; and discusses changes in fetal deat...

Certificates play an essential role in public-key cryptography, and are likely to become a cornerstone of commerce-related applications. Traditional certificates, however, are not secure against certificate lending, i.e., a situation in which a certificate holder voluntarily shares with others the rights bestowed upon him through a certificate. This type of abuse is a concern in several types o...

Public-key infrastructures (PKIs) that support both identity certificates and access control (e.g., attribute, delegation) certificates are increasingly common. We argue that these PKIs must also support revocation and review policies that are typical of more traditional access control systems; e.g., selective and transitive certificate revocation, and per-object access review. Further, we show...

OBJECTIVE To assess the completeness of data on death certificates over the past 25 years in Beirut, Lebanon, and to examine factors associated with the absence of certifiers' signatures and the non-reporting of the underlying cause of death. METHODS A systematic 20% sample comprising 2607 death certificates covering the 1974, 1984, 1994, 1997 and 1998 registration periods was retrospectively...

PURPOSE To investigate whether patients are prescribed rehabilitation early in a new sick leave period, and whether this prescription is associated with sex, age, diagnosis, description of functioning and affiliation of certifying physician. METHOD A cross-sectional study using data from sickness certificates issued during a total sick leave period, collected consecutively during 2 weeks in 2...

Consider a world where exporting proof evidence into a well defined, universal, and permanent format is taken as “feature zero” for computational logic systems. In such a world, provers will communicate and share theorems and proofs; libraries will archive and organize proofs; and marketplaces of proofs would be open to any prover that admits checkable proof objects. In that world, proof checke...

Modular and local reasoning about object-oriented programs has been widely studied for programing languages such as C# and Java. Once source programs have been proven, the next verification challenge is to ensure that the code produced by the compiler is correct. Since verifying a compiler can be extremely complex, this paper uses proof-transforming compilation, an alternative approach which au...