There are at least two valid approaches to the thermodynamics of electrons in metals. One takes a microscopic view, based on models of electrons in metals and superconductor and uses statistical mechanics to calculate the total thermodynamic functions for the model-based system. Another uses partial molar quantities, which is a rigorous thermodynamic method to analyze systems with components th...

The general principles and logical structure of a thermodynamic formalism that incorporates strongly self-gravitating systems are presented. This framework generalizes and simplifies the formulation of thermodynamics developed by Callen. The definition of extensive variables, the homogeneity properties of intensive parameters, and the fundamental problem of gravitational thermodynamics are disc...

There are limited studies on the diagnosis of thermodynamics misconceptions using a four-tier instrument diagnostic test. Therefore, this identifies in material. The survey research was conducted 577 students at SMAN Semarang, Central Java. Students were selected simple random sampling technique. Identification student done Four Tier Thermodynamics Diagnostic Test (4T-TDT). Students’ conceptual...

There are alternative sets of postulates which yield entirely equivalent results for several important theories. In such cases the choice of a particular set of postulates may be based upon mathematical simplicity, close relationship to experiments or to the nature of the theory, or merely personal taste. While the postulate of conservation of energy is usually presented in similar form for the...

Algorithmic entropy can be seen as a special case of entropy as studied in statistical mechanics. This viewpoint allows us to apply many techniques developed for use in thermodynamics to the subject of algorithmic information theory. In particular, suppose we fix a universal prefix-free Turing machine and let X be the set of programs that halt for this machine. Then we can regard X as a set of ...

Thermodynamics and thermal physics deal with many quantities and phenomena that are literally vital to the structure, function, operation and health of cells. These include temperature, energy, entropy, concentrations, molecular motions, electrochemistry, osmotic pressure, reaction rates, changes of phasemolecular aggregation and much else. This article explains these ideas and serves as an int...

Thermodynamics is a funny subject. The first time you go through it, you dont understand it at all. The second time you go through it, you think you understand it, except for one or two small points. The third time you go through it, you know you don't understand it, but by that time you are so used to it, it doesn't bother you any more. Global climate results from a thermodynamic interaction b...

Recent results on QCD thermodynamics are presented. The nature of the T>0 transition is determined, which turns out to be an analytic cross-over. The absolute scale for this transition is calculated. The temperature dependent static potential is given. The results were obtained by using a Symanzik improved gauge and stout-link improved fermionic action. In order to approach the continuum limit ...

Fluid turbulence, and the process of its onset from a laminar state, are complex multiscale phenomena that are as technologically important as they are challenging to understand. Turbulence leads to undesirable drag in many flows, but also increases beneficial mixing. Turbulence in viscoelastic flow, obtained by adding polymers to a solvent, exhibits unique features with potentially dramatic te...