Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), or thyroid eye disease, is a complex inflammatory disorder of the eye that, as its name implies, is associated with thyroid disease. TAO can be divided into three subtypes: ocular myopathy, congestive myopathy and mixed congestive and myopathic ophthalmopathy. Although the precise pathophysiology of TAO remains unclear it is likely to reflect an autoimmu...

A utoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) has been considered the prototypical and the most prevalent organ-specific autoimmune disorder, affecting 2% to 5% of iodine-sufficient population (1). This condition encompasses a clinical-pathological spectrum of different phenotypes varying from hyperthyroidism in Graves’ disease to hypothyroidism in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, probably representing the net ef...

Today, infertility is not only a serious health but also psycho-social problem, one that on the rise in world. Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) most common disease of thyroid gland reproductive period, which can affect spontaneous conception as well through assisted reproduction technology (ART), maintenance healthy pregnancy. It cause numerous maternal and fetal complications. There wide array publi...

We assessed the iodine nutrition of upper socioeconomic strata school children from Delhi to identify its association with goiter, thyroid autoimmunity or thyroid function. After informed consent of parents, all assenting students (n=997) from one randomly selected section of each class from five private schools representing all the zones of Delhi) were evaluated for goiter, urinary iodine excr...

Encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease is a rare condition presenting in the setting of autoimmune thyroid disease and characterized by unspecific neurological and/or psychiatric symptoms. Bearing in mind the currently prevailing lack of consensus on the most appropriate nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for this condition and the implications that this lack undeniably has...

To compare the prevalence of positive autoantibodies in patients with thyroid disorders and healthy subjects in an iodine-replete area of the Islamic Republic of Iran, we studied 930 women in a clinic-based study: 698 patients (286 hypothyroid, 140 hyperthyroid, 272 with simple goitre) and 232 healthy women. Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid stimulating hormone, and anti-thyr...

Acne vulgaris is an incompletely understood disorder of poliosebaceous follicles. A scourge of adolescence, it is increasingly persisting into the midforties, especially in females. 45% of women aged 21–30 years, 26% aged 31–40 years, and 12% aged 41–50 years, suffer from clinically-visible acne. The reasons for this rising prevalence have been unclear. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) has be...

The great apes include, in addition to Homo, the genera Pongo (orangutans), Gorilla (gorillas), and Pan, the latter comprising two species, P. troglodytes (chimpanzees) and P. paniscus (bonobos). Adult-onset hypothyroidism was previously reported in 4 individual nonhuman great apes. However, there is scarce information on normal serum thyroid hormone levels and virtually no data for thyroid aut...

The "mosaic of autoimmunity" describes the multifactorial origin and diversity of expression of autoimmune diseases in humans. The term implies that different combinations of the many factors that are involved in auto-immunity produce varying and unique clinical pictures in a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases. Most of the factors involved in autoimmunity can be categorized into four groups: ...