The coevolutionary relationships between brood parasites and their hosts are often studied by examining the egg rejection behaviour of host species using artificial eggs. However, the traditional methods for producing artificial eggs out of plasticine, plastic, wood, or plaster-of-Paris are laborious, imprecise, and prone to human error. As an alternative, 3D printing may reduce human error, en...

We studied prefledging growth, energy expenditure and time budgets of African Black Oystercatcher, Haematopus moquini, chicks on Robben Island, Western Cape, South Africa. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of parental feeding on the growth and energetics of semi-precocial shorebird chicks. Chicks reached mean fledging mass, 463 g, in 40 days. The growth rate coefficient of Afri...

We investigated how individual variation in social behaviour among group members interacts to affect social structure and development of reproductive skills. We randomly assigned juvenile male and juvenile and adult female cowbirds to four aviaries and observed patterns of singing and social assortment in each. Although social composition of each aviary was the same, juvenile males in one aviar...

a survey on the genus exallonyx kieffer, 1904 (hymenoptera: proctotrupidae) was conducted in northern iran. the specimens were collected using malaise traps during 2010–2011. the genus exallonyx and six species were collected and identified for the first time from iran: exallonyx ater (gravenhorst, 1807), e. brevicornis (haliday, 1839), e. formicarius kieffer, 1904, e. ligatus (nees, 1834), e. ...

The tank is a small one, roughly about 50 yards S(JUare, with banks sloped at 45?,?well covered With grass and lined with large trees on all sides, -""""those on the west being close to the water's eclge with overhanging branches which shade the ^ater in the afternoon. ^ he character of the edges and surface of the ^vater are different at different periods of the -ear. From January to May (prac...

e "andbook for Psychiatric Nurses must surely be unique in having a continuous unc^er various titles from 1885 when it first appeared as the Handbook for J^ants on the Insane. At one time, the "Red Handbook" covered all the subjects "that 2 syllabus for the examinations in mental nursing, including much revvr 'ater more adequately dealt with elsewhere. This edition has been entirely aheirt anc*...