background: recently, reports have indicated a role for the membrane form of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) in asthma pathogenesis. in this study we examined soluble tlr2 levels in serum and sputum of asthmatic and healthy subjects. methods: serum and sputum samples were obtained from 33 asthmatic and 19 healthy subjects. the asthmatics were classified into four groups according to the global init...

introduction : the innate immune system as the first line of defense against the pathogens recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) by toll-like receptors (tlrs). interaction of bacterial pamps by tlrs results in activation of innate and acquired immunity. fimh adhesin, a minor component of type 1 fimbriae encoded by uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec) is a pamp of tlr4 that ...

background: recognition of helminth-derived pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps) by pattern recognition receptors (prrs), including toll like recep­tors (tlrs) is the first step towards initiating anti–helminth immune re­sponses. methods : using somatic antigens of ostertagia occidentalis, an important abomasal parasite of ruminants, the expression of ovine tlr2 and tlr4 in peripheral...

conclusions p. gingivalis and p. intermedia could play a role in implant failure by changing the expression profiles of genes related to bone formation and resorption. results viability was reduced to 56.8% (p. gingivalis) and 52.75% (p. intermedia) at 1000 multiplicity. amongst 48 genes examined, expressions of bmper, smad1, il8 and nfrkb were found to be highly upregulated by both bacterial c...

background: myocardial dysfunction is one of the major complications in patients with sepsis where there is a relationship between the blood level of cytokines and the onset of myocardial depression. in many cases of sepsis, the presence of lipopolysaccharide (lps) has been established. lps binding protein (lbp) bound endotoxin is recognized by cd14/toll-like receptor-4 (tlr4) complexes in inna...

background: the pathogenesis of migraine involves immune-mediated mechanisms in the vascular endothelium. toll like receptor 4 (tlr-4) is a signaling receptor of innate immunity which plays a role in various neuropathologies related to neuron inflammation. objective: this case/control study is aimed to investigate whether tlr- 4 896a/g variation is related to migraine headaches in an iranian po...

abstract objective: the previous studies indicated that the tlrs especially toll-like receptor 4) tlr4 (are involved in the process of diabetes. the aim of the present research was to investigate the time course expression pattern of tlr4-a main component of innate immune system- in mrna levels in the heart tissue of diabetic male wistar rats. materials and methods: in this research, adult wist...

In this paper, the influence of fan-shaped buffer zone on the performance of the toll plaza is researched. A two-dimensional traffic flow model and a comprehensive evaluation model based on mechanical model and psychological field are established. The traffic flow model is simulated by creating coordinate system. We first establish queue theory model to analyze vehicles when entering toll plaza...

Abbreviation: HIV-1: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1; CHI: Chronic HIV-1 Infection; PDCs: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells; IFN-α: Interferon-α; TLR: Toll-like Receptor; TLR7: Toll-like Receptor 7; TLR9: Toll-like receptor 9; IRF7: Interferon Regulatory Factor 7; NF-κB: Nuclear factor κB; NCs: Normal Controls; MSM: Men Who Have Sex With Man; PBMC: Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells; ICS: Intrac...

In this paper, the development of a microscopic simulation model of the New Jersey Turnpike (NJTPK) using Paramics microscopic simulation software is presented. The model is validated/calibrated using the detailed vehicle-by-vehicle toll data at each toll plaza in the NJTPK. The dataset includes the entry toll plaza, exit toll plaza, entry and exit times, entry and exit lanes, etc. for each veh...