The egg and five nymphal stages, of the Neotropical species Martarega lofoides are described and illustrated for the first time. The immature stages are very similar, differing mainly in the body length, width of the body, head and pronotum, degree of wing pads development, synthlipsis width, and pattern of setae on the ventral abdomen. Adults and nymphs used in this study were collected from t...

Growth rate in mice is an archetypal quantitative trait that has long been studied genetically, physiologically, and metabolically, but its genetic basis is still poorly understood due to its complex inheritance and the influence of environment. We measured differences in 17 growth-related traits between a pair of partially congenic lines that differ for a segment of the X chromosome containing...

Characterization of Black Bengal bucks and does was performed in this study. A total of 50 goats of different aged were studied. The experiment was performed in Black Bengal bucks and does at 1 day and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age for measuring different parameters such as body length, heart girth, wither height, hip height, fore and hind leg length, head length and width, head length and wi...

Limb-length discrepancy, to one degree or another, is a problem that must be reckoned with after total hip arthroplasty (THA). It must be addressed as both a clinical issue for patients and, unfortunately, a potential medicolegal problem. Although a small limb-length discrepancy may cause no symptoms or may not be perceived, a large limb-length discrepancy may cause nerve palsy, low back pain, ...

We investigate the number of sets of words that can be formed from a finite alphabet, counted by the total length of the words in the set. An explicit expression for the counting sequence is derived from the generating function, and asymptotics for large alphabet size and large total word length are discussed. Moreover, we derive a Gaussian limit law for the number of words in a random finite l...

Total path length, or search cost, for a rooted tree is defined as the sum of all root-to-node distances. Let Tn be the total path length for a random recursive tree of order n. Mahmoud (1991) showed that Wn := (Tn − E[Tn])/n converges almost surely and in L2 to a nondegenerate limiting random variable W . Here we give recurrence relations for the moments of Wn and of W and show that Wn converg...

In this paper, we consider the leader length minimization problem for boundary labelling, i.e. the problem of finding a legal leaderlabel placement, such that the total leader length is minimized. We present an O(nlogn) algorithm assuming type-opo leaders (rectilinear lines with either zero or two bends) and labels of uniform size which can be attached to all four sides of rectangle R. Our algo...

Animal species come in many shapes and sizes, as do the individuals and populations that make up each species. To us, humans might seem to show particularly high levels of morphological variation, but perhaps this perception is simply based on enhanced recognition of individual conspecifics relative to individual heterospecifics. We here more objectively ask how humans compare to other animals ...

Although laboratory and observational studies suggest that many animals are capable of compensatory growth after periods of food shortage, few field experiments have demonstrated structural growth compensation in the wild. Here, we addressed the hypotheses that (i) food restriction can induce structural compensatory growth in free-living animals, (ii) that compensation is proportional to the le...