Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are plasmid- or chromosome-encoded protein complexes composed of a stable toxin and a short-lived inhibitor of the toxin. In cultures of Escherichia coli, transcription of toxin-antitoxin genes was induced in a nondividing subpopulation of bacteria that was tolerant to bactericidal antibiotics. Along with transcription of known toxin-antitoxin operons, transcription...

cholera toxin b subunit (ctxb) is a homopantameric, nontoxic subunit of cholera toxin that is responsible for its binding to the cell and has been known as a mucosal adjuvant for vaccines that could increase homoral and mocusal immunity response. in this work, the ctxb gene was fused to the stxb gene from shigella dysenteriae type i a vaccine antigen candidate against this pathogen, by a nonfur...

Vibrio cholerae, is the causative agent of cholera, that infects millions, annually. Chironomids are aquatic insects host V. cholerae. Toxigenic strains produce cholera toxin (CT) which main virulence factor causes symptoms. In contrast to other bacterial pathogens, cholerae produces CT when at low cell densities while hemagglutinin/protease (HAP) a high density-controlled gene. When behavior w...

T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin that belongs to a group of type A tricothecenes found in agricultural products. The cytotoxicity of T-2 toxin was characterized by analysis of the yeast transcriptome upon challenge with T-2 toxin. Interestingly, T-2 toxin-induced yeast gene expression profiles were found to be similar to profiles obtained following cycloheximide treatment. Moreover, T-2 toxin treatment...

We examined 281 non-O1 Vibrio cholerae isolates from Thailand for homology with genes coding for cholera toxin. Five isolates from environmental sources were homologous with the cholera toxin gene probe and produced both the A and B subunits of cholera toxin.

During a large outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli illness associated with an agricultural show in Australia, we used whole-genome sequencing to detect an IS1203v insertion in the Shiga toxin 2c subunit A gene of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Our study showed that clinical illness was mild, and hemolytic uremic syndrome was not detected.

Sanger and shotgun sequencing of Clostridium botulinum strain Af84 type Af and its botulinum neurotoxin gene (bont) clusters identified the presence of three bont gene clusters rather than the expected two. The three toxin gene clusters consisted of bont subtypes A2, F4 and F5. The bont/A2 and bont/F4 gene clusters were located within the chromosome (the latter in a novel location), while the b...

T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency are considered important etiologies of Kashin–Beck disease (KBD), although the exact mechanism is still unclear. To identify differentially expressed microRNAs (DE-miRNAs) in articular cartilage rats exposed to selenomethionine (SeMet) supplementation, thirty-six 4-week-old Sprague Dawley were divided into a control group (gavaged with 4% anhydrous ethanol), 10...

Clostridium perfringens mutant strain 121A/91 shows neither enzymatic (phospholipase C) nor hemolytic activity. Nevertheless, the cpa gene and the corresponding alpha-toxin variant are detectable. Vaccination with this genetically constructed alpha-toxin variant, rAT121/91, induces antibodies capable of significantly reducing activities induced by wild-type toxin. Thus, rAT121/91 could be a use...