The close analogy between geometrical optics and the classical theories of charged-particle beam optics have been known for a very long time. In recent years, quantum theories of charged-particle beam optics have been presented with the very expected feature of wavelengthdependent effects. With the current development of non-traditional prescriptions of Helmholtz and Maxwell optics respectively...

This paper examines to what extent credit ratings directly affect capital structure decisions. The paper outlines discrete costs/benefits associated with firm credit rating level differences, and tests whether concerns for these costs/benefits directly affect debt and equity financing decisions. The tests find that firms near a rating upgrade or downgrade issue less debt relative to equity than...

Generic rst-order logic (GFOL) is a rst-order logic parameterized with terms de ned axiomatically (rather than constructively), by requiring them to only provide generic notions of free variable and substitution satisfying reasonable properties. GFOL has a complete Gentzen system generalizing that of FOL. An important fragment of GFOL, called HORN, possesses a much simpler Gentzen system, simil...

Demographically, cities throughout the world seem to be expanding rather than shrinking. However a closer look at recent urban population change among the world’s largest urban agglomerations of one million people or more reveals that between 2000 and 2005, 30 out of 414 cities experienced zero to negative average annual growth (U.N. 2005). Recently, this internationalized pattern of city contr...

Linearization-based HPSG theories are widely used for analyzing languages with relatively free constituent order. This paper introduces the Generalized ID/LP (GIDLP) grammar format, which supports a direct encoding of such theories, and discusses key aspects of a parser that makes use of the dominance, precedence, and linearization domain information explicitly encoded in this grammar format. W...

The formal axiomatic method popularized by Hilbert and recently defended by Hintikka is not fully adequate to the recent practice of axiomatizing mathematical theories. The axiomatic architecture of Topos theory and Homotopy type theory do not fit the pattern of the formal axiomatic theory in the standard sense of the word. However these theories fall under a more general and in some respects m...

According to the difference of the modeling theories, the stock yield prediction models can be divided into two sorts. One is the traditional fluctuation rate prediction model based on statistical theory, and the other is the innovational prediction model based on theories such as NN, grey theory, support vector machines (SVM) and so on. In this article, we introduced these two models and their...

We begin with an introduction of superconductivity by giving a brief history of the phenomenon. The phenomenological Ginzburg–Landau theory and the microscopic theory of Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer are outlined. In view of recently available multi-band superconductors, relevant theories of both types are discussed. Unlike the traditional GL theory an extended GL theory is developed relevant ...

In contrast to traditional views of the mind as an abstract information processor, recent theories of embodied cognition suggest that our representations of objects and events are grounded in action. In this review, I document recent behavioral and neuropsychological evidence in support of an embodied viewpoint, and I argue that sensorimotor experience plays a pivotal role in the embodied cogni...

This paper established a physical axiom system. By the axiom system we can derive important physical laws such as momentum conservation law, Newton’s second law, Newton’s law of gravity, Schrödinger equation and Maxwell’s equations, simplified existing physical theories and explain some physical phenomenons those unresolved by traditional physical theories. We can also derive Schwarzschild solu...