Air pollution has numerous detrimental consequences for human health, visibility, climate, materials, plant and animal health. A portion of air consists metals, which are emitted into the environment via combustion fossil fuels, industrial activities, incineration metal-containing products. In this work, particulate matter particle-related metal from various sources, in Turkish province Kayseri...

After 1860’s the railway systems has started to be used in urban transportation in the world. However, especially after the 1950’s, automobile usage has been increased quickly. Thus the dense of transportation has started to move from railway systems to the ones with rubber tire vehicles in Istanbul. Traffic density in urban transportation has started to be experienced since 1950 with the incre...

In 2001, railways in Japan carried 21.79 billion passengers (25.1% of all passenger transport) or 384.5 billion passenger-km (27% of all passenger transport). Rail freight totalled 59 million tonnes (1.0% of all freight transport) or 22.2 billion tonnekm (3.8% of total), clearly indicating that Japanese railway operators are almost exclusively passenger companies. Following the 1987 privatizati...