household data are used in this study to assess the transaction costs of obtaining credit from formal and semiformal institutions in rural iran. a survey was employed to gather the data needed to determine the transaction costs that must be borne by the borrower in each step of the credit procurement process. data were collected from a random sample of 459 households, including 272 borrower hou...

In this paper a fraud detection method is proposed which user behaviors are modeled using two main components namely the un-normal trend analysis component and scenario based component. The extent of deviation of a transaction from his/her normal behavior is estimated using fuzzy membership functions. The results of applying all membership functions on a transaction will then be infused and a f...

Abstract Behavioral scientists have begun to research ‘sludge,’ excessive frictions that make it harder for people do what they want do. Friction is also an important concept in transaction-cost economics. Nevertheless, sludge has been discussed without explicit referral transaction costs. Several questions arise from this observation. Is the analogy friction used differently both literatures? ...

Every semester, a university decides which undergraduate courses to offer and how much to spend on instructors for these courses. These choices determine how efficiently resources from governments, donors, and families are used to benefit students; however, very little is known about how universities make these decisions. In this paper, I develop methods for understanding how universities make ...

Electronic commerce technology offers the opportunity to integrate and optimize the global production and distribution on the supply chain. Computers of various corporations, located throughout the world, communicate with each other to determine the availability of components, to place and confirm orders, and to negotiate delivery timescales over the Internet. Software agents help to automate a...

A difficult case study involving repeated health crises and irreversible organ dysfunction illustrates the challenges critical care professionals face in caring for patients and their families. In such cases, trust is especially fragile, and coexists with its counterpart, betrayal. The Reina Trust & Betrayal Model defines 3 types of Transactional Trust. The first, Competence Trust, or the Trust...