Abstract The periodic transcription output is ubiquitously observed in an isogenic cell population. To understand mechanisms of cyclic behavior transcription, we extend the gene activation process two-state model by assuming that synthesis rate periodic. We derive analytical forms mean transcript level and noise. limits them indicate noise display behaviors. Numerical examples strongly suggest ...

Bone is formed through the processes of endochondral and intramembranous ossification. In endochondral ossification primary mesenchymal cells differentiate to chondrocytes and then are progressively substituted by bone, while in intramembranous ossification mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate directly into osteoblasts to form bone. The steps of osteogenic proliferation, differentiation,...

Abstract Antibiotic resistance often generates defects in bacterial growth called fitness cost. Understanding the causes of this cost is paramount importance, as it one main determinants prevalence resistances upon reducing antibiotics use. Here we show that costs antibiotic mutations affect transcription and translation Escherichia coli strongly correlate with DNA breaks, which are generated v...