We report in this work the first all-optical wavelength conversion (AOWC) of a mode division multiplexed (MDM) superchannel consisting of 2N modes by dividing the superchannel into N single-mode (SM) tributaries, wavelength converting N SM signals using well developed SM-AOWC techniques, and finally combining the N SM tributaries back to an MDM superchannel at the converted wavelength, inspired...

Smolt survival through the Columbia/Snake river hydrosystem and tributaries of the Snake River are evaluated with the XT-model, which describes predator-prey interactions in terms of migration distance and time, temperature, turbidity, and a random encounter velocity between predators and prey. In this formulation, smolt survival depends on both distance traveled and exposure time, and the impo...

The saphenous venous system was visualized by CT without any contrast medium injection. Volumetric data were acquired with a multidetector spiral CT (Siemens, Somatom Plus 4 Volume Zoom) with the following parameters: collimation, 1 mm; pitch, 4; reconstruction, 1.2 mm. Reformatted images were then transferred in DICOM format to an 02 work station (Silicon Graphics) and postprocessed by the sof...

After the collapse of striped bass Morone saxatilis stocks in the late 1970s, hatchery programs and release experiments were instituted to evaluate the potential to restore striped bass in Chesapeake Bay. Because survival of striped bass larvae to first feeding (7 d after hatch) is low in Chesapeake tributaries, ranging from 0.2 to 5.2% of eggs spawned, it is possible to enhance survival throug...

OBJECTIVES In middle hepatic vein dominant livers, the anterior segment of the right lobe of the liver (segments V and VIII) drains mainly into the middle hepatic vein. In these donors, when right lobe grafts are procured without the middle hepatic vein, the graft may harbor large segment V and/or VIII veins that need reconstruction to avoid graft congestion and subsequent graft dysfunction. Dr...

Radiotelemetry and archival temperature loggers were used to reconstruct the thermal experience of adult spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the highly regulated Willamette River system in Oregon. The study population is threatened and recovery efforts have been hampered by episodically high prespawn mortality that is likely temperature mediated. Over three years, 310 salmon wer...

Most lotic ecosystems have been heavily modified in recent centuries to serve human needs, for example, by building dams form reservoirs. However, reservoirs major impacts on freshwater ecosystem functions and severely affect rheophilic fishes. The aim of this review is gather evidence that aside from direct habitat size reductions due reservoir construction, competition food space predation ge...

the klippel-trenaunay syndrome, first reported in 1910, is a triad of cutaneous hemangioma, varicose veins, and soft tissue or bony hypertrophy. the varicosities are extensive involving the tributaries of the greater or lesser saphenous systems. arteriogram are normal with no evidence of arteriovenous fistulas. multiple ligation and stripping may worsen the condition, and treatment consists of ...

While the Otsego Lake watershed supports a large diversity of fish species, the list present in the watershed has been continuously updated since the original publication by McWatters (1980,1983). New species have been documented by Hayes and Foster (1989), Foster (1989), Foster and ColIura (1990), and Brooking ( 1991) and the extinction of a species has also been reported by Lehman el al., (19...

The Garonne is the largest river in the south-west of France, and its drainage basin stretches between the Pyrénées and the Massif Central mountains. Until now, no water stable isotope study has been performed on the whole Garonne river basin which is composed of different geological substrata, and where the water resources are limited during the dry summer period. This study focuses on the Gar...