Drug use and gambling are major problems in today’s society. Many studies have found that school variables related to drug gambling, but the persistence of such relationships adulthood is still little-known. Therefore, aim this study was discover if these substance both adolescence through a retrospective study. A sample 416 people resident Spain between 18 50 years old used. Results showed hav...

Studies consistently show associations between school absences and academic achievement. However, questions remain about whether this link depends on the reason for children’s absence. Using a sample of Scottish Longitudinal Study (n = 4,419), we investigated association absenteeism achievement in high-stakes exams at end compulsory postcompulsory schooling varies with In line previous research...