A wireless underground sensor network (WUSN) is defined as a network of wireless sensor devices in which all sensor devices are deployed completely underground (network sinks or any devices specifically for relay between sensors and a sink may be aboveground). In hybrid wireless underground sensor network (HWUSN), communication between nodes is implemented from underground-to-air or air-to-unde...

a r t i c l e i n f o A work breakdown structure (WBS) can prove to be pivotal to successful project management planning. There are few published studies about the methodologies or tools to develop the appropriate WBS for a project, and those that are available are limited to the specific areas of construction such as apartment-building construction and boiler manufacturing. This research has a...

At the beginning of the 21 st Century, before the power of online social networking became apparent, several studies speculated about the likely structure of organised cybercrime (Mann and Sutton 1998; Brenner 2002). In the light of new data on cybercriminal organisations, this paper sets out to revisit their claims. In collaboration with the Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA), this paper ex...

Detection of affected areas in images is a crucial step in assessing the depth of the affected area for municipal operators. These affected areas in the underground images, which are line images are indicative of the condition of buried infrastructures like sewers and water mains. These images identify affected areas and extract their properties like structures from the images, whose contrast h...

Underground structures can be severely damaged during strong earthquakes. Potential damage to infrastructure due uplift increases in liquefied soils. Several models used simulate soil liquefaction. This study presents a new numerical method estimate the overall response of shallow-buried tunnels and interpret liquefaction mechanism saturated sand around structure under seismic action. The stems...

The paper presents a method of modelling the mechanical behavior supported rock mass, in vicinity complex underground structures. is based on calculations effective properties bolted mass. algorithm unit that are obtained by conducting series numerical experiments. These experiments allow to define values correction factors, which, turn, determine difference and non-supported Such approach make...

Can rational choice modeling explain destructive behavior among the Taliban, Hamas and other radical religious militias? This paper proposes a club good framework which emphasizes the function of voluntary religious organizations as efficient providers of local public goods in the absence of government provision. The sacrifices these groups demand are economically efficient (as in Iannaccone (1...

Underground displacement monitoring is a key means to monitor and evaluate geological disasters and geotechnical projects. There exist few practical instruments able to monitor subsurface horizontal and vertical displacements simultaneously due to monitoring invisibility and complexity. A novel underground displacement 3D measuring sensor had been proposed in our previous studies, and great eff...

It has been observed that in the urban center of Shanghai, land subsidence has accelerated, and the groundwater level has continued to drop even though the net withdrawn volume (NWV) of groundwater has remained unchanged since 1980. An analysis of monitoring data shows that drawdown of the groundwater level is one of the factors that have influenced land subsidence since 1980. The NWV of ground...

With a growing need for usable land in urban areas, subterranean development has been gaining attention. While construction of large underground complexes is not a new concept, our understanding of various socio-cultural aspects of staying underground is still at a premature stage. With projected emergence of underground built environments, future populations may spend much more of their workin...