Quality of river varies widely depending on the land use in the catchment and environmental factors. Many rivers in developing countries are unhealthy because they contain harmful physical, chemical and biological agents. Zanjanrud River, located in Zanjan Province, Iran, where recently faced human intervention needs a regular monitoring from upstream to downstream for sustainable management. H...

This paper examines the relationship between a differentiated downstream market and a specialized upstream market. We analyze four different types of vertical relation between the upstream and downstream sectors when the upstream market supplies specialized and complementary inputs to a downstream product differentiated market. The first is the benchmark case of decentralized markets, the secon...

We investigated whether the two cistrons of a dicistronic mRNA can be translated in plants to yield both gene products. The coding sequences of various reporter genes were combined in dicistronic units, and their expression was analyzed in stably transformed tobacco plants at the RNA and protein levels. The presence of an upstream cistron resulted in all cases in a drastically reduced expressio...

rade control structures are used to control bed erosion in steep small rivers mostly in the mountains. Scour downstream of this structure can lead to failure. Over the past years, the effect of different variables on this phenomena have been studied, however the effect of upward seepage which is common due to head difference of the banks water table or water surface level between the upstream a...

Climate policies can be applied either upstream, where fossil fuels are extracted, or downstream, emissions generated. Specific policy instruments defined for level, and take the form of a price signal such as through tax, quantity limit direct regulation permit market. In this study, we present an agent-based model to compare performance these different levels. Since coverage is often limited,...

We study the adoption, diffusion, and impacts of Universal Product Code (UPC) between 1975 1992, during initial years barcode system. find evidence network effects in diffusion process. Matched-sample difference-in-difference estimates show that firm size trademark registrations increase following UPC adoption by manufacturers. Industry-level import penetration also increases with domestic adop...

Impacts of effluent from fish farming activities on fluvial ecosystems lead to deterioration of water quality and changes in the macroinvertebrates assemblage. In this study, the influence of fish farm effluents on water quality and macroinvertebrates communities of Tajan River was investigated to evaluate the suitability of macroinvertebrates based on biological metrics and indices. Benthic...

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of socioeconomic factors on fish catch around the Lower Ogun River in Isheri-Olofin area (downstream) and Ishasi (upstream). Two hundred and fifty (250) respondents were randomly sampled. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and chisquare. It was found that a large percentage (74.4%) owned personal fishing craft.18% of the respon...