Some critics of invasion biology have argued the ecosystems by nonindigenous species can create more valuable ecosystems. They consider invaded communities as because they potentially produce ecosystem services. To establish that introduction creates ecosystems, defend value is provisioned These services are derived from productivity, production and cycling resources. Ecosystem productivity a r...

In many cases commonsense knowledge consists of knowledge of what is usual. In this paper we develop a system for reasoning with usual information. This system is based upon the fact that these pieces of commonsense information involve both a probabilistic aspect and a granular aspect. We implement this system with the aid of possibility-probability granules.

A 48-year-old black woman presented to the University Hospital Medical Center in 1978 with skin lesions. A chest radiograph obtained in 1970 was essentially normal. In March of 1978, she developed small nodules in both lungs and fullness in both hila. Bed rest and various creams for the skin lesions were prescribed. In November of 1978 she developed diffuse bilateral infiltrates and hilar adeno...