During past few years numerous research studies have been conducted worldwide to determine the safe and effective drug utilization indicating that inappropriate drug use is a universal phenomenon [1]. Trend of drug utilization studies is raised globally in different health setups to examine the use of drugs in a society. This results in enormous social, economic and medical significance. Such t...

from many other writings on the subject, is its discussion of the problem of evaluating MT systems. The proposed methodology is decomposed into three distinct areas: (i) evaluation by the system's designer; (ii) cost/benefit evaluation by the user; and (iii) linguistic evaluation by the user. This delineation serves as the framework for a more detailed and impressive, though by no means final, ...

Based on a comprehensive literature search, this meta review analyzes to what extent past literature reviews on IS business value have covered key research areas and preserved their key findings. The results show that while some areas have been explored extensively, some other crucial areas, such as accounting performance, the growth of intangible assets, and the differentiation between economi...

INTRODUCTION The pricing and reimbursement process in Bulgaria is based on different approaches implemented by NCPR among which is external and internal reference pricing A pharmacoeconomic guidelines (PE) with a HTA approach for assessment of submitted dossiers was implemented y the competent authority (CA) in Bulgaria in April 2015. Requirements for efficacy, safety, benefits, adverse events,...

BACKGROUND A key to reduce and eradicate racial disparities in hypertension outcomes is to understand their causes. We aimed at evaluating racial differences in antihypertensive drug utilization patterns and blood pressure control by insurance status, age, sex, and presence of comorbidities. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 8796 hypertensive individuals ≥18 years of age were identified from the...

Comparing data from both the 1999 MCBS and drug utilization data supplied by the survey respondents' pharmacies, the author details the methods used to determine the level of misreporting of drug expenditures in the MCBS. Findings suggest that prescription drug expenditures are underreported by 17 percent and the number of prescriptions used is underreported by 17.7 percent. The data also ident...

This article describes the most essential roles, skills, and competencies needed by middle managers in occupational therapy organizations. Middle-level managers are responsible for a specific segment of the organization. They are uniquely positioned to foster changes in the department. Because of the challenges in the health care environment, it is important to discuss the roles that middle man...

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) spreads genetic diversity by moving genes across species boundaries. By rapidly introducing newly evolved genes into existing genomes, HGT circumvents the slow step of ab initio gene creation and accelerates genome innovation. However, HGT can only affect organisms that readily exchange genes (exchange communities). In order to define exchange communities and unde...

Photosynthesis is a fundamental process sustaining heterotrophic organisms at all trophic levels. Some mixotrophs can retain functional chloroplasts from food (kleptoplasty), and it is hypothesized that carbon acquired through kleptoplasty may enhance trophic energy transfer through increased host growth efficiency. Sacoglossan sea slugs are the only known metazoans capable of kleptoplasty, but...