VACTERL association is a cipher used to describe cluster of conditions wherein there seemingly unexplainable non-random specific birth defects multiple organ systems. It includes vertebral anomalies (V), anal (A), cardiac (C), tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), renal (R) or radial bone (R), and limb (L). At least three these seven malformations need be present constitute the association. Other co...

MD. Clinical geneticist, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) and Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre (CHSCPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. MD. Assistant professor and Clinical Geneticist, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) and Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre (CHSCPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande d...

Neonatologists often care for newborns who have multiple congenital anomalies. The specific diagnosis has implications for the infant’s clinical management. In this article, we examine the neonatal presentations of CHARGE syndrome and VATER/ VACTERL association. Once the features of these two entities are recognized clinically, the appropriate diagnostic evaluations can be initiated. Introducti...

introduction congenital microgastria is an extremely rare anomaly, which is due to failure of gastric development, and causes a tubular stomach with reduced capacity. it is almost always associated with other congenital anomalies. case presentation the patient was a two-month-old boy with microgastria in association with gastroesophageal reflux, tracheomalacia, and limb defect. discussion most ...