The problem of learning the structure of a DAG model in the presence of latent variables presents many formidable challenges. In particular there are an innnite number of latent variable models to consider, and these models possess features which make them hard to work with. We describe a class of graphical models which can represent the conditional independence structure induced by a latent va...

Although both individual and average causal effects are defined in Rubin’s approach to causality, in this tradition almost all papers center around learning about the average causal effects. Almost no efforts deal with developing designs and models to learn about individual effects. This paper takes a first step in this direction. In the first and general part, Rubin’s concepts of individual an...