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Decision making is impacted by uncertainty and risk (i.e., variance). Activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, an area implicated in decision making, covaries with these quantities. However, this activity could reflect the heightened salience of situations in which multiple outcomes-reward and reward omission-are expected. To resolve these accounts, rats were trained to respond to cues predicting ...
In locally advanced rectal cancer, preoperative chemoradiotherapy (pCRT) is the standard care, aiming at downstaging and downsizing tumor prior to potential radical surgery (1, 2). However, response pCRT highly variable, with only 8-20% of patients exhibiting a complete pathological (3). Surgical resection rectum may be associated significant morbidity mortality. Moreover, surgical not lead inc...
BACKGROUND For women with oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive early breast cancer, treatment with tamoxifen for 5 years substantially reduces the breast cancer mortality rate throughout the first 15 years after diagnosis. We aimed to assess the further effects of continuing tamoxifen to 10 years instead of stopping at 5 years. METHODS In the worldwide Adjuvant Tamoxifen: Longer Against Shorter (...
BACKGROUND Laparoscopic resection is used widely in the management of colorectal cancer; however, the data on long-term outcomes, particularly those related to rectal cancer, are limited. The results of long-term follow-up of the UK Medical Research Council trial of laparoscopically assisted versus open surgery for colorectal cancer are presented. METHODS A total of 794 patients from 27 UK ce...
BACKGROUND We determined whether the vascular effects of estradiol depend on the route of administration by comparing the effects of oral estradiol and transdermal placebo, transdermal estradiol and oral placebo, and transdermal placebo and oral placebo on in vivo endothelial function in 27 postmenopausal women. METHODS AND RESULTS Endothelial function was assessed from blood flow responses t...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is disproportionately prevalent in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Without alternative explanations, it is frequently considered to be causative. A detailed stratification of these patients may improve the identification of incidental PFO. METHODS We investigated the PFO prevalence in 3497 transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke pati...
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