The effect of independent generation on the following aspects of network operation were considered: • the effect of network loading on the voltage supplied to adjacent consumers; • the effect of connecting at higher voltage levels; • the potential use of reactive power injections from independent generators; and • the integration of Independent generation into an overall network voltage control...

Islanded operation of distributed generators is a problem that can take place when they are connected to a distribution system. In this paper an islanding detection method is presented for inverter based distributed generation (DG) using under/over voltage relay. The method is an adaptive one and is based on the change of DG active power reference (Pref) in inverter control interface. The activ...

introduction:  electroporation  is  a  technique  for  increasing  the  permeability  of  the  cell  membrane  to  otherwise  non-permeate  molecules  due  to  an  external  electric  field.  this  permeability  enhancement  is  detectable if the induced transmembrane voltage becomes greater than a critical value which depends on the  pulse  strength  threshold.  in  this  study,  the  variabil...

This paper presents an electrical stimulator with four high-voltage-tolerant output channels for cochlear implant in a 0.18μm low-voltage CMOS process. As the maximum stimulation voltage can be as high as 7 V, this stimulator only needs one single supply voltage of 1.8 V. To implement this stimulator in a low-voltage CMOS process, the dynamic bias technique and stacked MOS configuration are use...

The Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter supplies invariably required variable voltage and frequency of the adjustable speed drive system. A number of pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes are used to obtain variable voltage and frequency supply from an inverter. The most widely used PWM scheme for a Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter is carrier based sinusoidal PWM and Space Vector Pulse Width ...

increases with the scaling of CMOS technology, is not explicitly With scaling of technology feature sizes, the share of leakage in toaddressed using this technique. Consequently, the effectiveness of tal power consumption of digital systems continues to grow. Contraditional voltage and frequency scaling is limited with advanceventional dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) techniques fail to accument o...

The Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter supplies invariably required variable voltage and frequency of the adjustable speed drive system. A number of pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes are used to obtain variable voltage and frequency supply from an inverter. The most widely used PWM scheme for a Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter is carrier based sinusoidal PWM and Space Vector Pulse Width ...

This paper proposes a novel modulation technique applying in multilevel voltage source converters suitable for high voltage power supplies and flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices. The proposed technique can generate output stepped-waveforms with a wide range of modulation indexes and minimized total voltage harmonic distortion. 'The main power devices switch only one time per cycle,...

In this paper, two different techniques for the determination of the rms value of sinusoidal AC voltage at the range of 2V are practically compared: non-thermoelectric technique (via the direct measurement using a precise high sensitive digital voltmeter, and the comparison method using a precise AC voltage calibrator) and thermoelectric technique (via the null thermoelectric technique, and the...

A low-voltage opamp-reset switching technique (ORST) that does not use clock boosting, bootstrapping, switched-opamp (SO), or threshold voltage scaling is presented. This technique greatly reduces device reliability issues. Unlike the SO technique, the opamps stay active for all clock phases and, therefore, the ORST is suitable for high-speed applications. This new switching technique is applie...