The strength of entanglement present in a tubular structure consisting of short vortex flow filaments is assessed using a periodic boundary condition (PBC) model by employing the magnitude of the eigenvalues of the periodic linking matrix associated to the filamental structure. The effects of tube radius and of the alignment of the filaments on the strength of entanglement are shown to suggest ...

The confining mechanisms of 't Hooft and Mandelstam have a simple microscopic realization in 3D Z 2 gauge theory: the center vortex and the magnetic monopole condensation are associated, in the set of configurations contributing to the confining phase, to the presence of two kinds of infinite clusters. These generate the area law of the large Wilson loops and the universal finite size effects p...

this paper is about experimental results for partial reduction of vortex at vertical pipe intakes. one of the easiest and practical ways of reducing vortex effect is to use anti-vortex plates or baffles. these plates can be used to avoid the vortex completely or partially. this paper will concentrate on the latter case. rectangular plates with different dimensions have been placed at different ...

In most domestic and commercial refrigeration systems, frost forms on the air-side surface of the air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger. Frost-tolerant designs typically employ a large fin spacing in order to delay the need for a defrost cycle. Unfortunately, this approach does not allow for a very high air-side heat transfer coefficient, and the performance of these heat exchangers is often air-si...