one of the most visible aspects of a forest stand structure is the spatial patterns of trees. competition affects on forest structure and its understanding is important, when the purpose of forest management is to imitate the dynamic of natural ecosystems. for this purpose, an unmanaged intact forest was selected with 26 hectares area. all chestnut leaf oak (quercus castaneifolia) trees with a ...

Many animals use public information (PI) gathered from conspecifics to assess the quality of potential foraging locations. To date, research on this phenomenon has focused almost exclusively on social foragers that live in groups and monitor nearby individuals. PI is potentially available to solitary foragers as well, in the form of cues (such as chemical cues) that persist in the environment a...

environmental pollutions are in considerable attention in steel industries in iran, where mostly are located around isfahan. therefore, an investigation was done mainly on the industrial pollution and waste related to the isfahan steel complex. a plant was installed to collect the uncontrolled fumes, gases and particulates from blast furnace number ii during tapping. this plant collects about 2...

This study was an evaluation of measuring strategies using a handheld 2D profiler for quality control of finish milled tool steel with regard to surface roughness. A selection of ball nose end mills in combination with two different tool steels (hardness 39 and 47 HRC) were used to manufacture the surfaces that were to be measured. It was found that using an appropriate measuring strategy it is...

Abstract It is expected that Cross-laminated timber (CLT) and other engineered wood products will experience rapid growth in the coming years. Global population requiring more housing units, at same time negative impact of construction industry cannot stay level as today. Alternatives for concrete steel reinforced structures are being explored. CLT has proven to be an excellent substitution reg...

The Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) procedure was used to compare waste management options for kraft pulp mill sludge following its anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion of sludge is advantageous because it produces biogas that may be used to generate electricity, heat and biofuels. However, adequate management of the digested sludge is essential. Landfill disposal is a non-sustainab...

The development of the forestry complex, its technical equipment, increase in volume harvested wood Republic Belarus, as well increased competition timber market have become prerequisites for need to study issues field optimizing transport processes and ensuring rhythm logging production. Moving operations cutting area, including collection loading timber, their sorting skidding, formation stac...

The FTM-West (“Fuel Treatment Market” model for U.S. West) is a dynamic partial market equilibrium model of regional softwood timber and wood product markets, designed to project future market impacts of expanded fuel treatment programs that remove trees to reduce fire hazard on forestlands in the U.S. West. The model solves sequentially the annual equilibria in wood markets over a historical p...

The effects of different management regimes on uneven-aged Douglas-fir stands in the Pacific Northwest of the United States were predicted with a simulation model. Management alternatives were defined by residual stand structure and cutting cycle. The residual stand structure was set by basal area–diameter-q-ratio (BDq) distributions, diameter-limit cuts (assuming concurrent stand improvement),...