Abstract Effects of water mass imbalance and hydrometeor transport on the enthalpy flux phase diabatic heating rate in computing regional energy budget atmosphere over ocean are investigated. Equations atmospheric column that explicitly consider velocity liquid ice cloud particles, rain snow formulated by separating variables from dry air. Differences equations this study those used earlier stu...

NOTES Unless otherwise indicated, all years referred to in Chapter I are calendar years and all years in Chapter II are fiscal years. "Growth during 1988" or "growth in 1988" means growth from the end of 1987 to the end of 1988 except where otherwise specified. "Growth between 1987 and 1988" means the percentage difference between the annual average levels in 1987 and 1988. Unemployment rates t...

Salati and Nobre (1990), in a review of the basinscale water vapor budget of the Amazon Basin analyzed by previous studies, pointed out that evapotranspiration accounts for more than 50% of precipitation. This estimate was later confirmed by Nobre et al. (1991) using the water vapor budget of several studies with various horizontal scales within the Amazon Basin. Note that total evapotranspirat...

[1] Groundwater is an important component of the hydrologic cycle, and its anomaly will result in variations of soil moisture, water, and energy balances between the land surface and atmosphere, which ultimately influence climate. In this study, we implement a groundwater model into the regional climate model RegCM3, which is called RegCM3_GW, and investigate the effects of water table dynamics...

During doubly-labelled water (DLW) experiments, blood collection by venous puncture may traumatize animals and consequently affect the animals' behaviour and energy budget. Recent studies have shown that blood-sucking bugs (Triatominae; Heteroptera) can be used instead of conventional needles to obtain blood from animals. In this paper, we validate the bug method in captive nectar-feeding bats,...

The purpose of this paper is to put forward a new estimate, in the context of previous assessments, of the annual global mean energy budget. A description is provided of the source of each component to this budget. The top-ofatmosphere shortwave and longwave flux of energy is constrained by satellite observations. Partitioning of the radiative energy throughout the atmosphere is achieved throug...