Introduction: Jupiter’s moon Europa is a differentiated body that consists of a Fe-rich core, a silicate mantle, and a water shell, which could contain an ocean [1]. The presence of sulfate-bearing compounds on the moon’s icy surface has been interpreted in terms of frozen oceanic water [2]. However, evaluations of oceanic chemistry from surface observations are limited because of radiolysis [3...

In addition to geological, hydrological and hydrogeological invcstigations and $roundwater tracing, detailed surveyin of the groundwater quality IS becoming particular1 important for environmental impact monitoring on karst aquifers. &roundwater qualitydata contain NO types of information, i.e. the natural chemistry of water and its caused by anthropognicimpacts. The method of results presentat...

This study focuses on spatial variability of throughfall water and chemistry and forest floor water content within a Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Franco L.) forest plot. Spatial patterns of water and chemistry (NH4 +, NO3 -, SO4 2-, Cl-, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+ and K+) were compared and tested for stability over time. The spatial coefficient of variation (CV) was between 18 and 26% for amounts o...

The regional spatial scale is a vital linkage for the informed extrapolation of results from local to continental scales to address broad-scale environmental problems. Among-region variation in ecosystem state is commonly accounted for by using a regionalization framework, such as an ecoregion classification. Rarely have alternative regionalization frameworks been tested for variables measuring...

The intermolecular forces between water molecules are of great importance in many areas of chemistry including solvation, solution chemistry, and biochemistry. As a result of this (H2O)n systems have received a great significant of attention, both experimental and theoretical. All calculation of this study are carried out by Gaussian 98 soft ware. Geometry optimization for each cluster were be ...

0022-1694/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier B.V. A doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.052 * Corresponding author. Present address: ExxonMob Benmar Drive, Houston, TX 77060, United States. Tel.: 392 9294. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (P.J. Moore), jb [email protected] (E.J. Screaton). Information about sources of recharge, distributions of flow paths, and the extent of water–rock reactions in karst ...