background and objectives: thyroid gland because of its superficial location is amenable to direct physical examination. clinical assessment of thyroid lesions by means of physical examination, thyroid scans and ultrasonography is not completely reliable. fine needle aspiration cytology (fnac) is the most cost-effective, safe and an initial diagnostic test in the pre-operative evaluation of thy...

The role of fine needle biopsy and cytological diagnosis in the preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules is reviewed on the basis of the current literature as well as the authors' personal experience. Technical aspects and guidelines for reporting thyroid samples are discussed in some detail. The main emphasis is on diagnostic pitfalls, those which may lead to a false-negative diagnosis, to a...

Distance-based techniques have recently emerged in the context of ensemble modeling, in particular for history matching, model selection and uncertainty quantification. Starting with an initial ensemble of model realizations, a distance between any two realizations is defined. The purpose of this distance is to introduce the purpose of modeling into the process of geological modeling, thereby p...