One way to define a Nash equilibrium is by positing a set of beliefs (or conjectures) for each player over (about) the actions of their opponents that has the property that, given these beliefs, when each player best responds, the actions taken confirm the initial beliefs. This rational expectations definition leaves open the question of how beliefs and actions get into this self-confirming sta...

Recently, Press and Dyson have proposed a new class of probabilistic and conditional strategies for the twoplayer iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma, so-called zero-determinant strategies. A player adopting zero-determinant strategies is able to pin the expected payoff of the opponents or to enforce a linear relationship between his own payoff and the opponents’ payoff, in a unilateral way. This paper...

Interpersonal provocation presents an approach-avoidance conflict to the provoked person: responding aggressively might yield the joy of retribution, whereas withdrawal can provide safety. Experimental aggression studies typically measure only retaliation intensity, neglecting whether individuals want to confront the provocateur at all. To overcome this shortcoming of previous measures, we deve...

The equilibria of strategic games with many semi-anonymous players have a strong ex-post Nash property. Even with perfect hindsight about the realized types and selected actions of all his opponents, no player has an incentive to revise his own chosen action. This is illustrated for normal form and for one shot Baysian games with statistically independent types, provided that a certain continui...

Computer Games have grown in only two decades from a curiosity to a major Industry. They ooer to the Computer Science Educator more potential than only being a source of distraction for the students: they provide us with interesting examples of Universa of Discourse, which can be turned into information models. Over the past years the author has used these games, in particular Sid Meier's Civil...

1369-8486/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. A doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.02.001 E-mail address: [email protected] 1 Robert Koch (1843–1910) is often credited with th 1883) during the Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1846–18 1854). However, there is no evidence that this data wa detail, see Bentivoglio & Pacini (1995) and Howard-Jon In the mid-1800s, there was much debate about the origin or ‘e...

Abstract Apologetic engagement was part and parcel of the ministry Andrew Fuller. His most common opponents embraced extreme forms rationalism that could not be reconciled with orthodox Calvinistic theology. Socinianism, its denial deity Christ doctrine Trinity, posed a threat to Particular Baptist churches. Fellow pastor Robert Robinson Socinian sympathizer, influenced by stripped his theology...

majd al-islam kermani was an intellectual clergyman and outstanding journalist of constitution period who spent his life on serving his country. he fought qajar despotic government, writing several articles in newspapers especially adab, even to be exiled to kalat. but after the constitutionalists got victory and the new government established, he published four newspapers in the name of nedaye...

We introduce a class of strategies which generalizes examples constructed in two-player games under imperfect private monitoring. A sequential equilibrium is belief-free if, after every private history, each player’s continuation strategy is optimal independently of his belief about his opponents’ private histories. We provide a simple and sharp characterization of equililibrium payoffs using t...

Ernst-August Gutt started one of the greatest translation debates of the past ten years when he suggested that relevance theory holds the key to providing a unified account of translation. The bulk of the debate has been between practitioners of functional equivalence and advocates of a relevance theoretic approach to translation. However, opponents of the relevance theoretic approach have wide...