In 1915, under the aegis of the French Red Cross, volunteer medical women from the Scottish Women's Hospital Service for Foreign Service established a hospital at Royaumont Abbey in France, to treat casualties of the First World War. By working as a team comprised of radiologists, bacteriologists and surgeons, they were able to combat gas gangrene and record remarkable results. The circumstance...

Gregory Bateson was one of the last and most distinguished products of the school of anthropology that Haddon and Rivers created in Cambridge after the Torres Strait Expedition. Beginning his career shortly after Rivers' death, Bateson used the interwar years to create a theoretical approach that continued and deflected that of Haddon and Rivers. His major ethnography from this period, Naven, e...

H ayes Martin, MD, was born on June 24, 1892, in Dayton, Iowa. He graduated from The University of Iowa School of Medicine in 1917 (Figure 1). He served in World War I as a flight surgeon in France. On his return to New York City, he wanted to be a general surgeon but was not accepted into the much sought-after surgical program at Bellevue Hospital. He was told by Dr John Hartwell, the chief of...

than these numbers would indicate. In contrast to Great Britain and the United States, scientific criticism of eugenic claims was rare in Canada, and it was only the rise of Nazism and the horrific revelations of the Second World War that effectively brought eugenics into disrepute, as it did in most other countries. Unfortunately McLaren touches upon far more intriguing issues than he develops...

The memory of the past is fading, even though the survivors shout that we must not forget. Even Peace Festivals in Hiroshima and Nagasaki have become a mere "empty routine," as Mr. Numata lamented in his Haiku poetry. While people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki have tried to convey the message that we should not repeat the past, such a message may simply irritate some people in the world. What the J...

Rates and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) over time are not well understood. This study is the first to look at the rates of PTSD immediately following war and 2 years later using a large cohort (N = 2,949) of Gulf War veterans. Using a cut score to indicate presumptive PTSD, 3% of participants exceeded the cutoff at Time 1 compared with 8% at Time 2. Those who exceeded the c...

This paper applies the 'time lag' method to a set of social and economic indicators, examining the development of Central and Eastern Europe since the first world war. Originally used to assess technology diffusion, this method allows comparison of levels of development between states and through a long period of time. It presents how many years have elapsed between achieving a certain level of...

War Psychiatry 458 Marion Greenwood The Dental Front 1945 Marion Greenwood created a series of watercolors depicting the work of the U.S. Army Medical Department at the England General Hospital in Atlantic City, New Jersey during World War II. This watercolor portrays wounded soldiers waiting for their next medical procedure, in this case a visit with the dentist. Many of these seriously-wounde...

Renkioi Civil Hospital was built late in the Crimean War (1854-6) in Turkey on the Dardanelles. Designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, its prefabricated structure was a brilliant engineering innovation. As a civil hospital for military patients, it was staffed by experienced civilian doctors, thereby relieving the shortage of military doctors. Renkioi is remembered as an astonishing early prefabr...

Similarly to his great predecessors P. L. Tschebyshev and A. M. Lyapunov, the academician A. N. Kolmogorov (25.04.1903– 20.10.1987) was not only a universal mathematician, proposing and developing fruitful ideas, he also readily answered challenges presented to him in his capacity as an applied mathematician. He had an amazing ability to get to the root of a problem, to determine fundamental is...