Background and objectives: Safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) florets contain valuable red and yellow pigments and are used in food, textile dying, and pharmaceutical industries. Red carthamine pigment is formed from a yellow precursor, precarthamine, through an oxidation reaction at the end of flowers' maturation stage. The present study was conducted to find out the most effective ...

Original scientific paper Studies on the evolution of paleo-channels in coastal areas are important for submarine engineering construction and to reveal changes in the global paleoenvironment. Thus, to explore the characteristics of paleo-channels during the late Last Glaciation in the western South Yellow Sea, digital terrain analysis method and ArcGis river extraction function were employed, ...

Rare male mating advantage (a form of negative frequency dependence) is frequently proposed as a mechanism for the maintenance of genetic variation within populations. This hypothesis is attractive for systems with pronounced male colour polymorphism because it can maintain particularly high levels of variation. We tested for negative frequency-dependent mating success between yellow and red ma...

abstract polymyxa betae is an obligate parasite and has a worldwide distribution. this fungus is a soil-borne root endoparasite in some plant families such as portulaceae, chenopodiaceae and amaranthaceae. this fungus is the vector of many plant viruses such as beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) which causes the disease known as rhizomania. bnyvv is the most economical important viral dise...

background: potyviruses are accounted for 40% of viral diseases of various crops including vegetables and legumes. potyviruses can be transmitted through plant sap, seeds and many aphid species. due to ease of spread of these viruses detection of such viruses are crucial as to the control of the incited diseases. objectives: this study compared the efficiencies of two couples of primers in thei...

Yellow fever, the original “viral hemorrhagic fever,” is a mosquito-borne infection characterized by hepatic, renal, and myocardial injury, bleeding, and a high case-fatality rate. The disease occurs in tropical South America and sub-Saharan Africa. Maintained by zoonotic transmission between sylvan mosquitoes and nonhuman primates, the virus cannot be eradicated, and prevention of human infect...

Australian crab spiders Thomisus spectabilis ambush pollinating insects, such as honeybees (Apis mellifera) on flowers, and can change their body colour between yellow and white. It is traditionally assumed that the spiders change their colour to match the flower colour, thus rendering them cryptic to insect prey. Here, we test this assumption combining state-of-the-art knowledge of bee vision ...

The one-trial passive avoidance learning task is commonly used in avian research to explore anatomical, cellular and molecular parameters of learning and memory. Many factors are known to influence the effectiveness and/or duration of such learning events. Combinations of novel odours, such as pyrazine, and aposematic colours, such as brig ht yellow or red, have been shown to induce a long-last...

BACKGROUND In the Americas, yellow fever virus transmission is a latent threat due to the proximity between urban and wild environments. Although yellow fever has nearly vanished from North and Central America, there are still 13 countries in the Americas considered endemic by the World Health Organization. Human cases usually occur as a result of the exposure to sylvatic yellow fever in tropic...

PURPOSE This study investigated multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) stimuli that target the intrinsic photosensitivity of melanopsin retinal ganglion cells. The diagnostic potential for glaucoma is compared between stimuli biased toward either cone input to these cells or their melanopsin response. METHODS Nineteen glaucoma patients and 24 normal subjects were tested using m...