This paper series adopts particle modeling (PM) to simulation of dynamic fracture phenomena in homogeneous and heterogeneous materials, such as encountered in comminution processes in the mining industry. This first paper is concerned with the setup of a lattice-type particle model having the same functional form as the molecular dynamics (MD) model (i.e., the Lennard–Jones potential), yet on c...

We develop a theory of modulus sheaves with transfers, which generalizes Voevodsky's transfers. This paper and its sequel are foundational for the motives modulus, is developed in [KMSY20].

polyamide 6 has been widely used in food packaging applications and also green tea contains amounts of antioxidant compounds. the aim of this study was investigation of green tea effects on properties of polyamide packaging polymer. polyamide 6 was dissolved in methanol which was saturated with calcium chloride. the active packaging film was produced by incorporation of methanol green tea extra...

Silica aerogels were prepared via the sol–gel process using tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) as the precursor and polyethylene oxide (PEO) of molecular weights 10,000 and 100,000 to provide a polymeric template for gelation. The experiments included eleven different formulations ranging from 100% 10,000MW PEO to 100% 100,000MW PEO in 10% increments. The total concentration of PEO was kept constant thr...

An analytical model is developed of the interaction of the cantilever tip of an atomic force microscope with the sample surface that treats the cantilever and sample as independent systems coupled by a nonlinear force acting between the cantilever tip and a volume element of the sample surface. To maintain equilibrium, the volume element is subjected to a restoring force from the remainder of t...

Recently, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been shown to be a suitable tool for imaging biological structures and their modification, adding to accurate morphological and cytomechanical information. AFM is capable of simultaneous nanometer spatial resolution and piconewton force detection, allowing detailed study of a cell surface morphology and monitoring of cell-tip interactions. Modern AFM ...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the contributions of adolescent calcium intake, oral contraceptive use, and exercise on bone mass and bone strength.Study design Eighty white women participated in 10 years of the Penn State Young Women's Health Study, a longitudinal study of community participants. We measured bone mineral mass (g), density (BMD, g/cm(2)), and body composition from dual energy x-ray absor...

The present study investigated the mechanical properties of tendon fascicles from the anterior and posterior human patellar tendon. Collagen fascicles from the anterior and posterior human patellar tendon in healthy young men (mean +/- SD, 29.0 +/- 4.6 yr, n = 6) were tested in a mechanical rig. A stereoscopic microscope equipped with a digital camera recorded elongation. The fascicles were pre...