BACKGROUND Abnormal diameters of foetal vessels are common findings in congenital heart defects. However, it is difficult for pathologist to assess whether the diameters of the vessels are normal or not and to compare with echocardiographic data. The Z-score is a dimensionless quantity representing the distance between the raw score and population mean in standard deviation units. Using Z-score...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the nutritional impact of a community-based programme that focused on social cohesion and action. DESIGN The change in nutritional status of children aged 12–60 months was examined over a period of 3 years in Makueni District in Eastern Province of Kenya in six communities in which an intervention programme of Participatory Learning and Action was introduced and in te...

OBJECTIVE To study the effect of work related variables on the height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) of working boys aged 10-16 years. DESIGN Cross sectional survey. SETTING Irbid, Jarash, and North Jordan Valley in Jordan. PARTICIPANTS 135 working boys aged 10-16 years and their mothers. OUTCOME MEASURES Height for age z score; weight for age z score; BMI for age z score. RESULTS...

BACKGROUND This study analyzed the phase-angle (PA) values of hospitalized HVI-infected patients by comparing them with those reported for a healthy population and investigated their relation with nutritional parameters. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study including 101 hospitalized patients diagnosed with HIV infection and evaluated by bioimpedance, anthropometry and biochemical tests. T...

In the present study, we estimated the association between pregnancy glucose levels and offspring body mass index (BMI) z scores at 2, 3.5, 5, and 7 years of age, as well as z score trajectories across this age range, among Mexican-American women without diabetes or gestational diabetes. Beginning in 1999–2000, the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas prospectivel...

BACKGROUND Children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy have a lower birth weight but have a higher chance to become overweight during childhood. OBJECTIVES We followed children longitudinally to assess the age when higher body mass index (BMI) z-scores became evident in the children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy, and to evaluate the trajectory of changes until adolescence. METH...