Nature and chemists approach organic synthesis in very different ways. Living systems are grand masters of parallel synthesis: starting with incredibly complex precursor mixtures, highly specialized enzymes operate selectively, simultaneously, and orthogonally to create many different products at once. In contrast, laboratory synthesis typically relies on reagents and catalysts with broad scope...

Rewriting Systems. An abstract rewriting system (ARS) is a quadruple ⟨A,Φ, src, tgt⟩ consisting of a set A of objects, a set Φ of steps, and src, tgt ∶ Φ → A, the source and target functions. We will always assume that A ∩Φ = ∅. For objects a ∈ A we denote by Φout(a) and by Φin(a) the set of steps in Φ that depart (are outgoing steps) Clemens Grabmayer and Jan Rochel 4 from a, and that arrive (...

MAGEAD is a morphological analyzer and generator for the Arabic language family, by which we mean both Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and the spoken dialects. MAGEAD explicitly addresses the need for processing the morphology of the dialects as well. Furthermore, MAGEAD can model both phonology and orthography explicitly. In this paper, we present in detail the morphophonemic and the orthographic...

Magneto-optical (MO) composites with excellent Faraday rotation (FR) response were fabricated using iron platinum (FePt) nanoparticles (NPs) and polystyrene-block-poly (2-vinyl pyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) block copolymers (BCPs). Gallic acid functionalized FePt NPs with average core diameters (dcore) of 1.9, 4.9, 5.7 and 9.3 nm have been selectively incorporated into a P2VP domain through hydrogen bo...

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) uses five different particles to express sentential negation: the invariant particle maa, the particle laa and its tensed counterparts lam (PAST) and lan (FUT), and laysa which is marked only for SUBJ agreement. Partial analyses of these elements are offered in other frameworks, notably Minimalism (Shlonsky, 1997; Benmamoun, 2000), but have not to date received an a...

•Role of grain boundaries in perovskite solar cells is systematically investigated•Small grains lead to high recombination losses, limiting the open-circuit voltage•The complete distribution sizes must be considered for future optimization Unlike interfacial recombination, much remains unknown about bulk polycrystalline metal halide materials. In this work, we investigate how changing size film...

The present study compares the voice quality of female and male speech in two languages: Czech, a Slavic language, Danish, Germanic language. For both languages, results based on total 120 vocally healthy speakers are line with claim that females universally breathier than males. This was supported by Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP) H1*-H2* measures, which generally known as most robust correlat...

Social interaction is pivotal to the formation of social relationships and groups. Much is known about the importance of interaction content (e.g., the transfer of information). The present review concentrates on the influence of the act of conversing on the emergence of a sense of solidarity, more or less independently of the content. Micro-characteristics of the conversation (e.g., brief sile...

background: there are several types of cancer, which cause millions of deaths worldwide every year. many studies have confirmed that plants are adequate natural sources to be examined as anti-cancer drugs with fewer side effects than chemotherapy and radiotherapy. in this study the anti-cancer properties of lavender aqueous extract on lymphocytes derived from patients with hodgkin's lymphoma ha...