The selection of pull strategy or push strategy for specific products depends on not only the change of demand, but also the importance of scale economy for production and distribution. In fact, almost no complete pull strategy or complete push strategy is adopted from begin to end in practice, and in most cases, the combined push-pull strategy is adopted in a marketing process. This paper will...

To push a vertex v of a directed graph −→ G is to change the orientations of all the arcs incident with v. An oriented graph is a directed graph without any cycle of length at most 2. An oriented clique is an oriented graph whose non-adjacent vertices are connected by a directed 2-path. A push clique is an oriented clique that remains an oriented clique even if one pushes any set of vertices of...

As a supplementary strategy for Mass Customisation (MC) in Customer Relationship Management (CRM) we propose an active approach to E-Commerce, the so called Push Concepts, where the supplier assumes the control during interactions with the customers. In this article we firstly describe the nature, the concepts and technical implementations of Push Principles in a meta-framework. After a short d...

In peer-to-peer systems, replication is an important issue as it improves search performance and data availability. It has been shown that optimal replication is attained when the number of replicas per item is proportional to the square root of their popularity. In this paper, we focus on updates in the case of optimal replication. In particular, we propose a new practical strategy for achievi...

Many corporate events are self-selected, but the relative impact of internal (firm-specific) and external (environmental) influences on discretionary corporate decisions remains largely unknown. In this paper, focusing on corporate debt issuance, we apply the contemporary push-pull theory to establish whether bond issuance are pushed by the firms due to internal considerations, or pulled by the...

We propose a new transport paradigm, called asynchronous multicast push (AMP) that leads to much more efficient use of network bandwidth, to higher throughput, and to reduced server load. AMP decouples request and delivery for frequently requested data and uses multicast delivery. We derive quantitatively by how much the server load and the network load is reduced by introducing an asynchronism...

A decision taken with the intention of protecting society against attack by biological weapons could, perversely, increase the very same danger. That is the implication of a debate now raging in the USA over the support of research on pathogens that might be used by terrorists. An alleged shift in funding in the wake of the 9/11 disaster and the ‘anthrax letters’ sent during 2001 means that mor...

We present a formalization of push-relabel algorithms for computing the maximum flow in a network. We start with Goldberg’s et al. generic push-relabel algorithm, for which we show correctness and the time complexity bound of O(V E). We then derive the relabel-tofront and FIFO implementation. Using stepwise refinement techniques, we derive an efficient verified implementation. Our formal proof ...

Stability of the spine is necessary for preventing pain and enhancing performance (Liebenson, 2006; McGill, 2006). Core muscle endurance is a key quality to train. Many exercises have been developed for the core including traditional ones such as sit-ups which have been recently called into question (McGill, 2006). Training the spine in a neutral posture which reinforces the natural upright cur...