BACKGROUND Given the risk of paralysis associated with cervical transforaminal injection, is it time to reconsider transforaminal injections of the lumbar spine? Arguments for discontinuing lumbar injections have been discussed in the anesthesia literature, raising concern about the risks of epidural steroid injections (ESIs). METHODS In a 47-year-old man, paraplegia of the lower extremities ...

The conus arteriosus is a muscular chamber interposed between the ventricle and ventral aorta in Elasmobranchii, Holocephalii and the more primitive families of bony fish. Since Duverney (1702) suggested that it functioned as an extra ventricle, it has been variously regarded as an elastic reservoir to minimize pressure fluctuations (Keith, 1924; Daniel, 1934), an accessory pumping chamber (Geg...

Phylogenetic and paleontological analyses are combined to reveal patterns of species origination and divergence and to define the significance of potential and actual barriers to dispersal in Conus, a species-rich genus of predatory gastropods distributed throughout the world's tropical oceans. Species-level phylogenetic hypotheses are based on nucleotide sequences from the nuclear calmodulin a...

Abstract Extensive and severe droughts have substantial effects on water supplies, agriculture, aquatic ecosystems. To better understand these droughts, we used tree-ring-based reconstructions of the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) for period 1475–2017 to examine that covered at least 33% conterminous United States (CONUS). We identified 37 spatially extensive events CONUS examined their s...

Background: Research on animal toxins have shown toxicity potential cancerous cell and tissues in the cultures. Conotoxins obtained from marine cone snails show highest potential, so that several human deaths been attributed to this species of snail. These proven be valuable agents inhibit enzymes, channels proteins, nervous systems humans. Methods: We studied effects Conus textile crude venom ...

The predatory cone snails (Conus) are among the most successful living marine animals (;500 living species). Each Conus species is a specialist in neuropharmacology, and uses venom to capture prey, to escape from and defend against predators and possibly to deter competitors. An individual cone snail’s venom contains a diverse mixture of pharmacological agents, mostly small, structurally constr...

The origin of novel gene functions through gene duplication, mutation, and natural selection represents one of the mechanisms by which organisms diversify and one of the possible paths leading to adaptation. Nonetheless, the extent, role, and consequences of duplications in the origins of ecological adaptations, especially in the context of species interactions, remain unclear. To explore the e...