By Xuepeng Liu Abstract: In his paper in the American Economic Review, Levy (1997) develops a political economy model of free-trade agreements (FTAs). He emphasizes that the homotheticity restriction of the production function assumed for the differentiated product is crucial for his model. This comment shows that this homotheticity assumption is unnecessary and actually problematic. It is prob...

This paper uses a gravity model to assess ex-post regional trade agreements. The model includes 130 countries and is estimated with panel data over the period 1962–1996. The introduction of the correct number of dummy variables allows for identification of Vinerian trade creation and trade diversion effects, while the estimation method takes into account the unobservable characteristics of each...

 The effect of technology spillovers is widely considered as one of the main channels through which domestic firms benefit from FDI, and plays an important role in economic development of host countries. Based on the analysis framework for technology spillovers established by Borensztein et al. (1998), this paper will analyse and try to figure out the development patterns of ASEAN by utilizing ...

in more recent years, it has become increasingly recognized that r&d; (research and development) is a key driver of economic growth, a source of innovation and change, and as such stimulates improvements in productivity and economic competitiveness. it is closely associated with knowledge and flexibility, two factors that have gained new significance as a source of competitiveness in an increas...

The insecticidal potential of tea tree oil formulations was tested for contact and stomach poison toxicities against various stages the Spodoptera littoralis ((Boisduval, 1883) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae under laboratory conditions. study carried out at Yozgat Bozok University Faculty Agriculture between 2020 2021. In toxicity test, were different by topical application. Among formulations...

Objective: The present research work is focused to develop in situ raft gel of lafutidine. Sodium alginate one the critical components for development system. Methods: formulation was prepared using hydrophilic polymers such as ethyl cellulose, HPMC K4M, and chitosan. formulations were subjected evaluation characteristics pH, vitro gelling time, viscosity, density, strength, drug-polymer compat...

the main purpose of this paper is to examine the convergence of price-levels of tradable goods in comparison to that of services (non-tradable) under the free trade among iranian provinces over 2007- 2012. this comparison has been achieved by applying the pair-wise approach which has been recently developed by pesaran (2005). in this approach, the time series models (adf, df-gls and kpss unit r...