background: our objectives were to investigate whether immunomodulatory cytokines, tgf-β and il-10, are stimulated in response to cystic echinococcosis (ce) components in mice model, and whether major hydatid fluid antigens or live protoscoleces could equally contribute to such cytokines. methods: protoscoleces were obtained by aseptic puncture of fertile sheep hydatid cysts. hydatid fluid anti...

The majority of ovarian tumors are derived from the single layer of epithelial cells on the surface of the ovary termed the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). Stromal cell–OSE interactions are postulated to be an important aspect of normal OSE biology and the biology of ovarian cancer. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF ) has been shown to often be a mesenchymal cell-derived growth factor that...

objective: stroke is most important cause of death and disability in adults. the hippocampal ca1 and sub-ventricular zone neurons are vulnerable to ischemia that can impair memory and learning functions. although neurogenesis normally occurs in the dentate gyrus (dg) of the hippocampus and sub-ventricular zone (svz) following brain damage, this response is unable to compensate for severely dama...

BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor Beta (TGF-Beta) arrests many cell types in the G1 phase of the cell and upregulates plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). The type 1 (TGF-Beta RI) an II (TGF-Beta RII) TGF-Beta receptors mediate these and other effects of TGF-Beta on target cells. TGF-Beta initially binds to TGF-Beta RII and subsequently TGF-Beta RI is recruited to form a heteromeric c...

BACKGROUND Growth arrest in many cell types is triggered by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), which signals through two TGF-beta receptors (type I, TGF-beta RI, and type II, TGF-beta). In the signaling pathway, TGF-beta binds to the extracellular domain of TGF-betaRII, which can then transphosphorylate TGF-betaRI in its glycine/serine (GS)-rich box. Activated TGF-betaRI phosphorylates...

Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. TGF-βs bind to type I (TGF-βRI) and II receptors (TGF-βRII), which are transmembrane kinase receptors, and an accessory type III receptor (TGF-βRIII). TGF-β may utilize another type I receptor, activin-like kinase receptor (Alk1). TGF-β is neuroprotective in the middle cerebral artery occlusio...

Many epithelial carcinomas, including ovarian, are refractory to the antiproliferative effects of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta. In some cancers, TGF-beta resistance has been linked to TGF-beta receptor II (TbetaR-II) and Smad4 mutations; however, in ovarian cancer, the mechanism of resistance remains unclear. Primary ovarian epithelial cell cultures were used as a model system to deter...