We describe the production of a 62 PBq (62 x 1O’j Bq) source of 750 keV neutrinos coming from the electron capture decay of “Cr. This is the first time that such a high-intensity, low-energy neutrino source has been produced. The rationale for having such a source is to check the overall procedures of the radiochemical solar neutrino experiment, GALLEX. The source was obtained by neutron activa...

Eddy covariance flux towers measure net exchange of land–atmosphere flux. For the flux of carbon dioxide, this net ecosystem exchange (NEE) is governed by two processes, gross primary production (GPP) and a sum of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration components known as ecosystem respiration (RE). A number of statistical flux-partitioning methods, often developed to fill missing NEE data, ...

Turbulent fluxes of carbon, water vapor, and temperature were continuously measured above an upland forest in north central Wisconsin during 1999 and 2000 using the eddy covariance method. Maple (Acer saccharum), basswood (Tilia americana), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) species found in this forest also comprise a substantial portion of the landscape in the northern Great Lakes region ...

Allocation of C to belowground plant structures is one of the most important, yet least well quantified fluxes of C in terrestrial ecosystems. In a literature review of mature forests worldwide, Raich and Nadelhoffer (1989) suggested that total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) could be estimated from the difference between annual rates of soil respiration and aboveground litterfall. Here we...

Ž The development of stereotypies and polydipsia was studied in wild caught bank voles P: . Ž . ns92 and their laboratory-bred offspring F1: ns248 . All animals were kept isolated in barren cages in the laboratory. In the P generation, no individuals developed stereotypies, but 22% Ž . developed polydipsia )21 mlrday water intake against normally 10 mlrday . Polydipsia was Ž . Ž . more frequent...

The most critical period for the survival of piglets is during the first 2 days of life. Causes of early piglet mortality include reduced vitality due to hypoxia during parturition, hypothermia and lack of adequate colostrum intake. Besides, low vitality piglets may run a larger risk of being crushed by the sow. In the light of the thermoregulatory challenges facing newborn piglets and the poss...

Information about the uncertainties associated with eddy covariance measurements of surface–atmosphere CO2 exchange is needed for data assimilation and inverse analyses to estimate model parameters, validation of ecosystem models against flux data, as well as multi-site synthesis activities (e.g., regional to continental integration) and policy decisionmaking. While model residuals (mismatch be...

Band, L.E., Patterson, P., Nemani, R. and Running, S.W., 1993. Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed scale: incorporating hillslope hydrology. Agric. For. Meteorol., 63: 93-126. An approach to distributed modeling of watershed hydro-ecological processes over large spatial scales is described. A data and simulation system, RHESSys (Regional HydroEcological Simulation System), combines a se...

In rats, sucking milk reduces anxiety and promotes non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and in calves it induces resting but the effect on sleep is unknown. Here, we investigated how calves’ sleep was affected by colostrum feeding methods. Forty-one calves were blocked by birth date and randomly allotted within blocks to the experimental treatments. Calves were housed for four days either with ...

Survey information on fertility intentions, patterns of contraceptive use, contraceptive failures and abortions is used to develop estimates of unwanted births and of unplanned pregnancies for seven countries, by method of contraception. Potential improvements in contraception, leading to more use of highly efficient methods are considered, and several scenarios for improved contraceptive use a...