IGnAz SEmmElWEIS – HAnD WASHInG PIonEEr Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (July 1, 1818 – August 13, 1865) was the Hungarian – Austrian physician who demonstrated that puerperal fever (also known as “childbed fever”) was contagious and that its incidence could be drastically reduced by enforcing appropriate hand washing by medical care-givers. He made this discovery in 1847 while head of the Maternity D...

Descriptions of the flattening (platybasia) of the skull base and the upward displacement(impression) of the basilar and condylar portions of the occipitalbone by the upper cervical spine date to the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Anatomical measurements to display these abnormalities were begun in 1865, but the full clinical significance was not appreciated until Homen's work in 1901. Sub...

Since KORBER1) discovered in 1865 that human fetal hemoglobin is more resistant to alkali than the adult one, numerous works indicating differences in properties of the fetal and the adult pigment have been published . Biochemically, a considerable dissimilarity is found in their amino acid compositions and primary structures, i. e. amino acid sequences2). Physiologically , it has long been kno...

Introduction “Well, in our country,” said Alice, still panting a little, “you'd generally get to somewhere else if you ran very fast for a long time as we've been doing.” “A slow sort of country!” said the Queen. “Now, here, I see. It takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that!” – Lewis Carroll’s Al...

The field of control and systems has been connected to biological systems and biotechnology for many decades, going back to the work of Norbert Wiener on cybernetics in 1965, the work of Walter Cannon on homeostasis in 1929, and the early work of Claude Bernard on the milieu interieur in 1865. Nonetheless, the impact of control and systems on devices and applications in the field of biology has...

Defects of hemostasis in patients with cancer have been first described by Trousseau in 1865, and Morrison studied altered coagulation in patients with malignancy as early as 1932. The first described abnormality of hemostasis in malignancy was that of hypercoagulability and thrombosis and the first large survey of blood changes in cancer patients showed accelerated bleeding times in over 60% o...

Human migration is frequently cited as a potential social outcome of climate change and variability, and these effects are often assumed to be stronger in the past when economies were less developed and markets more localized. Yet, few studies have used historical data to test the relationship between climate and migration directly. In addition, the results of recent studies that link demograph...

Early anatomists referred to parts of the brain as 'posterior' and 'anterior.' But after comparing many primate brains, Gratiolet noticed a pattern of folds or sulci and convolutions marked by fissures of increasing complexity in the more advanced mammalian brains. The primary fissures he could also identify in the smoother ape brains. He was the first to separate four brain lobes (frontal, par...

a casual reference to the authority, practice or opinion of any Indian Surgeon. "Take lithotomy for example, the fullest and most elaborate details are quoted of the practice of British and Continental Surgeons, yet not a word on the subject relates to India, where some of our graduates have cut as many men successfully for stone as the greatest lithotomists Europe ever saw. ... I might refer t...