abstract a poet, author, statesman, and eminent social figure under the ottoman empire, ma'ruf rosafi, lived in a period when ignorance, poverty, and disease had overshadowed the country. obviously, literature in late 19th century and early 20th century witnessed a rise and boom which included political, social, and cultural issues. and it was poetry that could yield positive effects in th...

Transcranial magnetic stimulation has become an important field for both research in neuroscience and for therapy since Barker in 1985 showed that it was possible to stimulate the human motor cortex with an electromagnet. Today for instance, transcranial magnetic stimulation can be used to measure nerve conduction velocities and to create virtual lesions in the brain. The latter option creates ...

L. J. RATHER, PATRICIA RATHER and JOHN B. FRERICHS, Johannes Miller and the nineteenth-century origins oftumour cell theory, Canton MA, Science History Publications, 1986, 8vo, pp. ix, 193, illus., $15.00. No single scholar has done more to make classic texts ofGerman pathologists accessible to an English-language readership than L. J. Rather. Following the substantial volumes of Rudolf Virchow...

Catalan's formula, for the portion of the inheritance that a legitimate child of a 19th-century deceased French gentleman should receive, is given a new proof (using Difference Operators), and generalized. Another, more computationally efficient, formula is also derived. Catalan's Formula Chrystal's classical text[Ch] (II, p. 416) contains the following charming exercise, due to Cata-lan[Ca]. B...

British government bonds formed the deepest, most liquid, and most transparent financial market of the 19th century. This paper shows that those bonds had long periods, extending over decades, of anomalous behavior, in which Consols, the largest and best known of these instruments, were noticeably overpriced relative to equivalent gilts which offered the same interest rate and the same guarante...

Although the origins of the theory of matrices can be traced back to the 18th century and although it was not until the 20th century that it had become sufficiently absorbed into the mathematical mainstream to warrant extensive treatment in textbooks and monographs, it was truly a creation of the 19th century. When one contemplates the history of matrix theory, the name that immediately comes t...

Dimitrios Kokkinakis and Mats Malm Introduction Multifaceted relations between texts can be complex, abstract, diverse or subtle. Digital humanists are interested in identifying pairs of text passages likely to contain substantial overlap and empirically supporting (hopefully) new interpretations of historical texts. For instance, Cordell [3] discusses how digital interpretive tools can help ma...

The chemical and physical properties of 19th and 20th century Chinese papers were investigated using a variety of material characterisation methods. A reference collection of 178 Chinese papers, dating from 1799 to 1990 was used, and properties such as pH, degree of polymerisation (DP), lignin content, and tensile strength (zero-span) were determined. Most of the papers were of approximately ne...

This editorial pays tribute to the first 2 women who became regularly trained ophthalmologists in late 19thcentury America. After the graduation of Elizabeth Blackwell from Geneva Medical College in 1849 and the establishment of the Women’s Medical College in Philadelphia the following year, a gradual trickle of female physicians entered the ranks of the medical profession in the United States....