OBJECTIVE To examine cigarette purchasing patterns of current smokers and to determine the effects of cigarette price on use of cheaper sources, discount/generic cigarettes, and coupons. BACKGROUND Higher cigarette prices result in decreased cigarette consumption, but price sensitive smokers may seek lower priced or tax-free cigarette sources, especially if they are readily available. This pr...

The scalar radius of the pion plays an important role in χPT, because it is related to one of the basic effective coupling constants, viz. the one which controls the quark mass dependence of F π at one loop. In a recent paper, Ynduráin derives a robust lower bound for this radius, which disagrees with earlier determinations. We show that such a bound does not exist: the " derivation " relies on...

∗ MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College, London. † School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast. We would like to acknowledge that Dr. Antonia J Cronin’s PhD at the Centre for Social Ethics and Policy, School of Law, University of Manchester wa...

The average price of providing a colorectal cancer patient with a 24-week chemotherapy drug regimen increased from $126 in 1993 to $36,000 in 2005, due largely to the approval and widespread use of five new drugs between 1996 and 2004. We examine whether the substantial increase in spending has been worth it. Using methods developed by Berry (1994) and Nevo (2003), we estimate a price index for...

This paper presents everything you need to know about Merton jump diffusion (we call it MJD) model. MJD model is one of the first beyond Black-Scholes model in the sense that it tries to capture the negative skewness and excess kurtosis of the log stock price density ( ) 0 ln( / ) T S S P by a simple addition of a compound Possion jump process. Introduction of this jump process adds three extra...

A new in situ fluorometer for the detection of oceanic photosynthetic pigment fluorescence is described. Emission spectra from 546 to 733 nm are recorded for each of three different visible excitation bands ten times a second. A Spectralon cell is used to improve the excitation coupling to and the collection efficiency from the sample volume. Laboratory tests demonstrated that the fluorescence ...

BACKGROUND The pediatric antiretroviral (ARV) market is poorly described in the literature, resulting in gaps in understanding treatment access. We analyzed the pediatric ARV market from 2004 to 2012 and assessed pricing trends and associated factors. METHODS Data on donor funded procurements of pediatric ARV formulations reported to the Global Price Reporting Mechanism database from 2004 to ...